{ "model": { "rank": 8499, "code": "thing-q317623", "model_id": "vr.tr.technical-standard", "name": "technical standard", "purpose": "Let an agent handle technical standards by issuer, number, scope, status, edition and conformity.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q317623/", "tier": 2, "score": 51, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "node network", "one-instruction set computer", "triple-square screw drive", "MIL-STD-1750A", "TO-3", "Bristol screw drive", "disk image format", "software standard", "self-extracting archive", "NetWare Loadable Module", "protocol extension", "self-extracting ZIP", "newspaper format", "Nordic format", "UNIX 03", "UNIX V7", "UNIX 95", "UNIX 93", "UNIX 98", "SHA-2", "video format", "form factor", "materials specification standard", "open standard", "programming language specification", "Kommunikation im Medizinwesen", "American Screen Standard", "Formal open standards", "ANSI/NISO standard", "UK Defence Standard", "Housing standards", "compliance", "Cross-Linguistic Data Formats", "IT security standards", "NFPA Standard", "Mobility Data Specification", "UNI CEI standard", "interoperability framework", "de jure standard", "quality standard" ], "aliasCount": 468, "merged": 469, "knownIn": 51, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q317623", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317623", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T07:52:46Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q317623", "registryId": "vr.tr.technical-standard", "name": "technical standard", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q317623/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.technical-standard", "name": "technical standard", "purpose": "Let an agent handle technical standards by issuer, number, scope, status, edition and conformity.", "definition": "An established norm or requirement for a repeatable technical task, product, process or interface, published by a standards body or consortium, such as ISO, IEC, IEEE, military standards or screw drive specifications.", "what_it_is_for": "Ensuring compatibility, safety, quality and interoperability.", "affordances": [ "identify the right standard and edition", "check conformity", "follow standards development", "cite standards correctly" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Documented requirements", "Published by recognised bodies", "Versioned and reviewed", "Voluntary unless referenced by law" ], "appearance": "Numbered documents with scope, terms, requirements and annexes.", "visual_identification": [ "Codes such as ISO 9001 or MIL-STD-1750A", "Edition year and status", "De facto standards are not formally published" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "international standards (ISO, IEC, ITU)", "regional standards (CEN, CENELEC)", "national standards", "industry and consortium standards", "military standards" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "rule and reference work", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is published by", "target": "standards organization", "why": "issuer" }, { "relation": "is checked by", "target": "conformity assessment", "why": "process" }, { "relation": "is referenced by", "target": "regulation", "why": "law" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "standard number", "value_or_pattern": "issuer code plus number and year", "note": "citation" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ISO/IEC Directives", "EU Regulation 1025/2012 on standardisation", "WTO TBT Agreement" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Using withdrawn editions", "Claiming conformity without assessment", "Copyright limits on standard texts" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity", "name": "Identity", "description": "Which standard.", "rationale": "Numbers identify standards.", "layers": [ { "id": "number", "name": "Number", "description": "Code and year.", "findings": [ { "id": "number-finding", "name": "Number", "description": "Standard identity.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the full designation, including edition?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Who published it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "status", "name": "Status", "description": "Current or withdrawn.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-finding", "name": "Status", "description": "Status.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is it current, amended or withdrawn?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What replaced it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "scope", "name": "Scope", "description": "What it covers.", "rationale": "Scope limits application.", "layers": [ { "id": "coverage", "name": "Coverage", "description": "Subject.", "findings": [ { "id": "coverage-finding", "name": "Coverage", "description": "Scope.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does the standard cover and exclude?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which related standards apply?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "requirements", "name": "Requirements", "description": "Key clauses.", "findings": [ { "id": "requirements-finding", "name": "Requirements", "description": "Requirements.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the key requirements?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Are they normative or informative?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "conformity", "name": "Conformity", "description": "Compliance.", "rationale": "Conformity must be shown.", "layers": [ { "id": "assessment", "name": "Assessment", "description": "Testing and certification.", "findings": [ { "id": "assessment-finding", "name": "Assessment", "description": "Conformity assessment.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is conformity assessed?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "By which accredited body?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "Legal status.", "findings": [ { "id": "law-finding", "name": "Law", "description": "Legal status.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the standard referenced in law or harmonised?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Does compliance give presumption of conformity?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access", "name": "Access", "description": "Getting the text.", "rationale": "Standards are often paid.", "layers": [ { "id": "purchase", "name": "Purchase", "description": "Where to get it.", "findings": [ { "id": "purchase-finding", "name": "Purchase", "description": "Access.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where can the official text be obtained?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Is it free to read anywhere?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "copyright", "name": "Copyright", "description": "Quotation.", "findings": [ { "id": "copyright-finding", "name": "Copyright", "description": "Copyright.", "questions": [ { "text": "How much of the text may be quoted?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Who holds copyright?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should standards be instances with numbers?", "How should editions be tracked?", "Registry aliases list specific standards; how should they be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a technical standard, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle technical standards by issuer, number, scope, status, edition and conformity.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: node network, one-instruction set computer, triple-square screw drive, MIL-STD-1750A, TO-3, Bristol screw drive, disk image format, software standard, self-extracting archive, NetWare Loadable Module, protocol extension, self-extracting ZIP.", "469 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 51 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a technical standard, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "node network", "one-instruction set computer", "triple-square screw drive", "MIL-STD-1750A", "TO-3", "Bristol screw drive", "disk image format", "software standard", "self-extracting archive", "NetWare Loadable Module", "protocol extension", "self-extracting ZIP" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 51 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 469 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one technical standard from another, and a technical standard from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a technical standard sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a technical standard from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a technical standard passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a technical standard between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a technical standard, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a technical standard is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a technical standard says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a technical standard contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a technical standard and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What technical standard studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does technical standard take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does technical standard establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where technical standard is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark technical standard as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place technical standard, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a technical standard came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a technical standard and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a technical standard is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a technical standard, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a technical standard, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a technical standard is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }