{ "model": { "rank": 12315, "code": "thing-q321362", "model_id": "vr.tr.pinocytosis", "name": "pinocytosis", "purpose": "Let an agent explain pinocytosis, relay mechanisms, types and biological roles from cell biology sources, describe macropinocytosis and micropinocytosis, and distinguish pinocytosis from phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.PRC", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q321362/", "tier": 2, "score": 40, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "macropinocytosis", "micropinocytosis" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 40, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.pinocytosis", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q321362", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321362", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T19:07:11Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q321362", "registryId": "vr.tr.pinocytosis", "name": "pinocytosis", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.PRC" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q321362/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.pinocytosis", "name": "pinocytosis", "purpose": "Let an agent explain pinocytosis, relay mechanisms, types and biological roles from cell biology sources, describe macropinocytosis and micropinocytosis, and distinguish pinocytosis from phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis.", "definition": "A form of endocytosis in which cells take in extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes by forming small vesicles, sometimes called cell drinking, including micropinocytosis through small vesicles and macropinocytosis, in which large ruffles of membrane engulf fluid into macropinosomes, a process used by immune cells to sample antigens and exploited by some viruses and cancer cells to obtain nutrients.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a cellular process.", "affordances": [ "explain the process", "relay mechanisms and roles", "describe types", "distinguish related processes" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Fluid uptake", "Non-selective", "Vesicle formation", "Immune and nutrient roles" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; vesicles forming at the cell membrane.", "visual_identification": [ "Uptake of extracellular fluid in vesicles", "Macropinocytosis, micropinocytosis", "Phagocytosis engulfs particles; receptor-mediated endocytosis is selective; exocytosis releases material" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "macropinosome size", "typical_range": "about 0.2-5", "unit": "micrometre", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "micropinocytic vesicles", "typical_range": "under about 0.1", "unit": "micrometre", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "term coined", "typical_range": "1931", "unit": "year", "note": "Warren Lewis" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "micropinocytosis", "macropinocytosis", "clathrin-independent fluid-phase uptake", "constitutive and stimulated macropinocytosis" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "endocytosis", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "macropinocytosis", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "phagocytosis", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is used by", "target": "dendritic cell", "why": "to sample antigens" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "GO", "value_or_pattern": "GO:0006907", "note": "pinocytosis" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "No regulation" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing pinocytosis with phagocytosis", "Oversimplifying as fully non-selective", "Overstating therapeutic claims" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What pinocytosis is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is pinocytosis, and how does it differ from phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about cell biology, immunity, viruses, cancer or drug delivery?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "types", "name": "Types", "description": "Types.", "findings": [ { "id": "types-finding", "name": "Types", "description": "Types.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are micropinocytosis and macropinocytosis?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific type?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "mechanism", "name": "Mechanism", "description": "Mechanism.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "membrane", "name": "Membrane", "description": "Membrane dynamics.", "findings": [ { "id": "membrane-finding", "name": "Membrane", "description": "Membrane.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do actin and membrane ruffles form macropinosomes?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "trafficking", "name": "Trafficking", "description": "Vesicle fate.", "findings": [ { "id": "trafficking-finding", "name": "Trafficking", "description": "Trafficking.", "questions": [ { "text": "What happens to pinocytic vesicles after uptake?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "roles", "name": "Roles", "description": "Biological roles.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "immunity", "name": "Immunity", "description": "Immunity.", "findings": [ { "id": "immunity-finding", "name": "Immunity", "description": "Immunity.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do immune cells use macropinocytosis to sample antigens?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits antigen presentation?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "disease", "name": "Disease", "description": "Viruses and cancer.", "findings": [ { "id": "disease-finding", "name": "Disease", "description": "Disease.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do some viruses and cancer cells exploit macropinocytosis, as research reports?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits cancer metabolism?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and applications.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was pinocytosis first observed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of cell biology?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "delivery", "name": "Delivery", "description": "Drug delivery.", "findings": [ { "id": "delivery-finding", "name": "Delivery", "description": "Delivery.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is pinocytosis relevant to nanoparticle drug delivery research?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits drug delivery?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should macropinocytosis be a separate primary entry?", "How should cell biology sources be linked?", "How should drug delivery research be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "disease or condition", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a pinocytosis, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain pinocytosis, relay mechanisms, types and biological roles from cell biology sources, describe macropinocytosis and micropinocytosis, and distinguish pinocytosis from phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: macropinocytosis, micropinocytosis.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 40 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a pinocytosis, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by criteria applied to signs and findings, not by appearance. Two conditions can look identical and be distinguished only by test." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "macropinocytosis", "micropinocytosis" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 40 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one pinocytosis from another, and a pinocytosis from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a pinocytosis sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a pinocytosis from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a pinocytosis passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a pinocytosis between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a pinocytosis, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a pinocytosis is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a pinocytosis proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a pinocytosis, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a pinocytosis and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a pinocytosis consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a pinocytosis takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "diagnosis-and-criteria", "name": "Diagnosis, criteria and coding", "description": "What makes a case of pinocytosis a case, and under which revision.", "rationale": "Criteria change between revisions, so a diagnosis without its coding revision cannot be compared with a later one.", "layers": [ { "id": "criteria", "name": "Diagnostic criteria", "description": "The criteria in force and who issues them.", "findings": [ { "id": "criteria-record", "name": "Criteria, issuer and revision", "description": "What must be true for a diagnosis, according to whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "criteria-record-q01", "text": "What criteria define pinocytosis, issued by which body, in which revision?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "criteria-record-q02", "text": "What changed between revisions that would reclassify existing cases?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "coding", "name": "Coding and terminology", "description": "The codes used to record it and their mapping.", "findings": [ { "id": "coding-record", "name": "Codes and mappings", "description": "Which classification codes apply and how they map.", "questions": [ { "id": "coding-record-q01", "text": "Which classification and terminology codes cover pinocytosis, and how do they map to each other?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "coding-record-q02", "text": "What is lost when a case is mapped from one scheme to another?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "course-and-population", "name": "Course, population and care", "description": "How pinocytosis develops, whom it affects, and what is done about it.", "rationale": "The condition, the diagnosis and the episode of care are three different things, and an agent must not merge them.", "layers": [ { "id": "course", "name": "Course and stages", "description": "Onset, progression, remission and outcome.", "findings": [ { "id": "course-record", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages recorded and what moves a case between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "course-record-q01", "text": "What course does pinocytosis typically take, and what marks each stage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "course-record-q02", "text": "What separates the condition itself from an episode of care for it?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "population", "name": "Affected populations", "description": "Who is affected, how often, and on what evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "epidemiology", "name": "Prevalence and its basis", "description": "Rates with their population, period and source.", "questions": [ { "id": "epidemiology-q01", "text": "What prevalence or incidence is reported for pinocytosis, in which population and period?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "epidemiology-q02", "text": "What may an agent not conclude about an individual from a population rate?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a pinocytosis came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a pinocytosis and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a pinocytosis is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a pinocytosis, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a pinocytosis, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a pinocytosis is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }