{ "model": { "rank": 1886, "code": "thing-q33215", "model_id": "vr.tr.constructed-language", "name": "constructed language", "purpose": "Let an agent explain constructed languages and their purposes, identify a conlang and its resources, distinguish auxiliary, engineered and artistic languages, relay codes and community information, and separate conlangs from natural languages, pidgins and programming languages.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q33215/", "tier": 2, "score": 123, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "artistic language", "tokiponido", "mixed language", "Volapukido", "controlled language", "philosophical language", "planned language", "languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien", "engineered language", "a priori language", "Pasilalio", "argot", "musical language", "a posteriori language", "experimental language", "bibliographic language", "schematic constructed language", "Esperantido", "fictional language", "language for specific purposes", "compromise planned language", "planned auxiliary language", "logical language", "naturalistic planned language", "Elvish", "criminal argot", "thieves' cant", "Elvish language", "languages of A Song of Ice and Fire", "angelic tongues", "languages in Star Wars", "alien language in science fiction", "Avarin", "Old Sindarin", "Primitive Quendian", "Vanyarin", "Doriathrin" ], "aliasCount": 37, "merged": 37, "knownIn": 123, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q33215", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33215", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T19:59:28Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q33215", "registryId": "vr.tr.constructed-language", "name": "constructed language", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q33215/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.constructed-language", "name": "constructed language", "purpose": "Let an agent explain constructed languages and their purposes, identify a conlang and its resources, distinguish auxiliary, engineered and artistic languages, relay codes and community information, and separate conlangs from natural languages, pidgins and programming languages.", "definition": "A language whose grammar and vocabulary were deliberately designed by a person or group rather than having developed naturally, for purposes such as international communication, philosophical experiment, artistic world-building or controlled technical use; examples include Esperanto, Volapuk, Lojban, Klingon and Toki Pona.", "what_it_is_for": "Communication, experiment or art by design.", "affordances": [ "identify a constructed language and its purpose", "explain its design and resources", "distinguish kinds of conlang", "relay codes and communities" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Deliberately designed", "Purpose defines the kind", "Documented from creation", "Community and use may follow or not" ], "appearance": "Not visible; seen in texts, grammars and communities using the language.", "visual_identification": [ "Known creator or design group and date", "Documented grammar and vocabulary from the start", "Pidgins and creoles arise naturally; programming languages are formal, not human languages" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "Esperanto speakers", "typical_range": "estimates vary widely", "unit": "people", "note": "from tens of thousands of fluent speakers to millions with some knowledge" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "international auxiliary languages such as Esperanto and Interlingua", "philosophical and engineered languages such as Lojban", "artistic languages such as Klingon and Quenya", "controlled natural languages for technical writing", "derived languages from earlier conlangs, such as Ido", "minimalist languages such as Toki Pona" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "language", "why": "a designed language" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "natural language", "why": "developed without deliberate design" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "Esperanto", "why": "the most widely used example" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "programming language", "why": "a formal notation, not a human language" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ISO 639-3", "value_or_pattern": "per language, such as epo for Esperanto", "note": "assigned to some conlangs" }, { "scheme": "ConLang Code Registry", "value_or_pattern": "per language", "note": "community registry for others" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ISO 639 language code assignment rules", "Copyright treatment of constructed languages, which varies", "Academies or bodies for some languages, such as the Akademio de Esperanto" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Overstated speaker numbers", "Confusing conlangs with pidgins or codes", "Ownership disputes over languages" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Which language and kind.", "rationale": "Identity.", "layers": [ { "id": "which", "name": "Which", "description": "Name and purpose.", "findings": [ { "id": "which-finding", "name": "Which", "description": "Which.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which constructed language is meant, who designed it, when, and for what purpose?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is it a constructed language, a natural language, a pidgin or a formal notation?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind", "name": "Kind", "description": "Kind.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-finding", "name": "Kind", "description": "Kind.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is it auxiliary, engineered, artistic or controlled, and what follows from that?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific language?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "design", "name": "Design", "description": "How it is built.", "rationale": "Design.", "layers": [ { "id": "grammar", "name": "Grammar", "description": "Grammar and vocabulary.", "findings": [ { "id": "grammar-finding", "name": "Grammar", "description": "Grammar.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the design principles of its grammar, phonology and vocabulary?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which grammar or reference documents it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "evolution", "name": "Evolution", "description": "Change after creation.", "findings": [ { "id": "evolution-finding", "name": "Evolution", "description": "Evolution.", "questions": [ { "text": "How has the language changed through use, and who governs it?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits language change?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use", "name": "Use", "description": "Community and resources.", "rationale": "Use.", "layers": [ { "id": "community", "name": "Community", "description": "Speakers and community.", "findings": [ { "id": "community-finding", "name": "Community", "description": "Community.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who uses the language, where, and how are speaker numbers estimated?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which sources give estimates?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "resources", "name": "Resources", "description": "Learning and codes.", "findings": [ { "id": "resources-finding", "name": "Resources", "description": "Resources.", "questions": [ { "text": "What learning resources, codes and registries exist?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits language codes?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and study.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History of conlangs.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did constructed languages develop from philosophical languages to modern auxiliary and artistic languages?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "study", "name": "Study", "description": "Scholarship.", "findings": [ { "id": "study-finding", "name": "Study", "description": "Study.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do interlinguistics and linguistics study constructed languages?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral about the merits of particular languages?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each major conlang be a separate entry?", "How should speaker estimates be sourced?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming derived languages and mixed languages; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "language", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a constructed language, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain constructed languages and their purposes, identify a conlang and its resources, distinguish auxiliary, engineered and artistic languages, relay codes and community information, and separate conlangs from natural languages, pidgins and programming languages.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: artistic language, tokiponido, mixed language, Volapukido, controlled language, philosophical language, planned language, languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien, engineered language, a priori language, Pasilalio, argot.", "37 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 123 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a constructed language, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised from text or speech by script, vocabulary and grammar - and script is the weakest of the three, since several languages share one." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "artistic language", "tokiponido", "mixed language", "Volapukido", "controlled language", "philosophical language", "planned language", "languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien", "engineered language", "a priori language", "Pasilalio", "argot" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 123 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 37 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one constructed language from another, and a constructed language from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a constructed language sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a constructed language from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a constructed language passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a constructed language between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a constructed language, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a constructed language is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a constructed language says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a constructed language contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a constructed language and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "speakers-and-standing", "name": "Speakers, communities and standing", "description": "Who speaks constructed language, how many, and what status it holds where they live.", "rationale": "Speaker numbers move, and legal standing changes without the language changing. Both are claims with a date and a source, never properties.", "layers": [ { "id": "speaker-populations", "name": "Speaker populations", "description": "Counts by kind of speaker, each with the year and the method behind it.", "findings": [ { "id": "population-estimates", "name": "Population estimates and their basis", "description": "First-language and second-language counts, who produced them and how.", "questions": [ { "id": "population-estimates-q01", "text": "How many first-language and second-language speakers of constructed language are claimed, for which year, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "population-estimates-q02", "text": "What method produced that estimate - census, survey, projection - and what does it systematically miss?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "official-standing", "name": "Official standing and policy", "description": "Where constructed language is official, taught, or barred, and under which instrument.", "findings": [ { "id": "legal-status", "name": "Legal status by jurisdiction", "description": "The status held in each place, with the law or treaty that grants it.", "questions": [ { "id": "legal-status-q01", "text": "In which jurisdictions does constructed language hold official, regional or minority status, and under what instrument?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "legal-status-q02", "text": "What follows practically from that status - schooling, courts, signage - and what does not?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "varieties-and-writing", "name": "Varieties, registers and writing", "description": "The forms constructed language takes, and the scripts and spellings used to write it.", "rationale": "A language is not its script and a standard is not the whole language. A model that conflates them cannot say which variety a text is in.", "layers": [ { "id": "varieties-and-continuum", "name": "Varieties and the continuum", "description": "Dialects, standards and the cuts drawn through a continuum that has none of its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "variety-inventory", "name": "Varieties and who separated them", "description": "Named varieties, their relation to the standard, and the authority behind each split.", "questions": [ { "id": "variety-inventory-q01", "text": "Which varieties of constructed language are distinguished in practice, and who drew each boundary?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "variety-inventory-q02", "text": "Which neighbouring lect is treated as the same language by one authority and a different one by another?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "script-and-orthography", "name": "Script and orthography", "description": "Writing systems in use, competing spellings, and reform history.", "findings": [ { "id": "writing-systems", "name": "Writing systems and orthographies", "description": "Scripts constructed language is written in and which spelling convention applies where.", "questions": [ { "id": "writing-systems-q01", "text": "Which scripts and orthographies are in use for constructed language, and where does each apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "writing-systems-q02", "text": "What identifies the orthography of a given text, and what should an agent do when it cannot tell?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "codes-and-alignment", "name": "Codes and external alignment", "description": "The identifiers that name constructed language across systems.", "rationale": "Language codes are how every other system will refer to this, and they disagree with each other in known ways.", "layers": [ { "id": "identifier-schemes", "name": "Identifier schemes", "description": "ISO 639 parts, Glottolog, and the granularity each assumes.", "findings": [ { "id": "codes-and-granularity", "name": "Codes and the granularity they encode", "description": "Which code refers to this language and which refers to a group containing it.", "questions": [ { "id": "codes-and-granularity-q01", "text": "Which ISO 639-1, 639-2 and 639-3 codes apply to constructed language, and do they refer to the same extent?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "codes-and-granularity-q02", "text": "Where do the schemes disagree about whether this is one language or several?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a constructed language came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a constructed language and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a constructed language is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a constructed language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a constructed language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a constructed language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 7, "layers": 13, "findings": 15, "questions": 40 } } } }