{ "model": { "rank": 3518, "code": "thing-q333173", "model_id": "vr.tr.surprise", "name": "surprise", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess surprise by recording whose expectations were disrupted, what changed, how the disruption was experienced or inferred, and which responses are appropriate.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q333173/", "tier": 2, "score": 85, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Sputnik moment" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 85, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.surprise-act", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q333173", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:26:53Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 21.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c42-d037-7db1-9762-0435714ef0bd\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: surprise\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 65.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c42-d02d-7242-ba00-206b85ac84d7\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: surprise\nRegistry id: vr.tr.surprise\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContex" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q333173", "registryId": "vr.tr.surprise", "name": "surprise", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q333173/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.surprise", "name": "surprise", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess surprise by recording whose expectations were disrupted, what changed, how the disruption was experienced or inferred, and which responses are appropriate.", "definition": "Surprise is a response to an event that violates a person's expectations, commonly involving interrupted ongoing processing, redirected attention, and reassessment of the event or prior expectations.", "scope_statement": "This model owns surprise as an episode attributed to an experiencer when an occurrence departs from an expectation; it records competing interpretations without assuming surprise is necessarily an emotion, and distinguishes the episode from a deliberately arranged surprise or a mathematical surprise score.", "in_scope": [ "The experiencer, triggering occurrence and context of a particular surprise episode", "Explicit, implicit or reconstructed expectations and their apparent violation", "Competing interpretations of surprise as emotion, appraisal, orienting response or belief revision", "Reported experience, observable responses and uncertainty in attribution", "Resolution of the discrepancy and resulting changes in beliefs or action" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Planning and delivering surprise parties, gifts, attacks or other deliberately unexpected events", "General models of emotion, attention, perception and memory", "Novelty, uncertainty and prediction error without an attributed surprise episode", "Mathematical information content or Bayesian updating considered independently of an experiencer", "Clinical assessment of persistent distress or altered cognition" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Identify an occurrence and an expectation it apparently disrupted; unfamiliarity alone supports novelty but does not establish surprise.", "Distinguish being unsure beforehand from encountering something unexpected: uncertainty can exist without a surprise episode.", "Check whether evidence supports surprise beyond a reflexive startle; abrupt movement or sound alone does not establish violated expectations.", "Separate unexpectedness from pleasantness: a welcome and an unwelcome occurrence can each be described as surprising.", "Distinguish an event called a 'surprise' by its organiser from surprise actually reported or otherwise supported in its recipient." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Experiencer", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Person or other proposed experiencer; attribution basis required", "why_it_matters": "An occurrence can violate one experiencer's expectations while matching another's." }, { "name": "Triggering occurrence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Event, observation, discovery, omission or internally generated realisation", "why_it_matters": "Locates what the episode concerns, including an expected event failing to occur." }, { "name": "Expectation basis", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Explicit prediction, stated belief, habitual expectation, situational assumption, retrospective reconstruction or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Separates prior evidence of expectation from explanations constructed after the event." }, { "name": "Expected versus encountered outcome", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Paired descriptions with relevant discrepancy and time reference", "why_it_matters": "Makes the alleged expectation violation inspectable." }, { "name": "Interpretive account", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Emotion, appraisal, orienting response, belief revision, combined account or unresolved; source and proponent recorded", "why_it_matters": "Prevents one theoretical interpretation from silently becoming the definition." }, { "name": "Reported surprise intensity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Instrument-specific rating with scale anchors, reporting time and respondent", "why_it_matters": "Allows comparison where the measurement method supports it without inventing a universal unit." }, { "name": "Experienced valence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Pleasant, unpleasant, mixed, neutral, changing or unreported", "why_it_matters": "Keeps the assessment of unexpectedness separate from whether the outcome is welcome." }, { "name": "Episode status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Reported as ongoing, reported as resolved, retrospectively reported, externally inferred, disputed or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes current experience from retrospective accounts and observer attribution." }, { "name": "Belief revision", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Prior and subsequent belief records, including no documented change", "why_it_matters": "Records what the experiencer learned without assuming that every surprise produces learning." } ], "affordances": [ "Elicit the expected and encountered outcomes without supplying an expectation on the experiencer's behalf.", "Compare surprise reports across experiencers while preserving their different prior knowledge.", "Assess whether available evidence supports surprise, novelty, uncertainty, startle or an unresolved combination.", "Offer an explanation or time to reassess when the experiencer indicates that either would help.", "Record whether the episode changes a belief, decision or intended action.", "Identify when further probing would be unwelcome and stop or defer it." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "expectation-disruption", "name": "Expectation disruption", "description": "Reconstruct the relationship between what was anticipated and what was encountered.", "rationale": "Surprise attribution needs a specific discrepancy and an experiencer-relative expectation.", "layers": [ { "id": "prior-expectation", "name": "Prior expectation", "description": "Establish the content and evidential basis of the expectation.", "findings": [ { "id": "expectation-evidence", "name": "Expectation evidence", "description": "Record whether the expectation was documented beforehand, elicited afterward or inferred by an observer.", "questions": [ { "text": "What did the experiencer expect, including anything taken for granted rather than explicitly predicted?", "kind": "definition", "id": "expectation-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence places that expectation before the triggering occurrence?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "expectation-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "encountered-discrepancy", "name": "Encountered discrepancy", "description": "Locate the occurrence or omission that apparently contradicted the expectation.", "findings": [ { "id": "discrepancy-content", "name": "Discrepancy content", "description": "Describe the relevant difference without equating every mismatch with experienced surprise.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which feature of the occurrence, or which failure to occur, departed from the expectation?", "kind": "definition", "id": "discrepancy-content-q01" }, { "text": "What supports an experienced surprise episode beyond the existence of a prediction mismatch?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "discrepancy-content-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sense-and-interpretation", "name": "Sense and interpretation", "description": "Make the intended sense and theoretical commitments explicit.", "rationale": "Everyday surprise, psychological accounts and formal surprise measures need not identify the same instances.", "layers": [ { "id": "conceptual-accounts", "name": "Conceptual accounts", "description": "Record how a cited account defines surprise and what it requires.", "findings": [ { "id": "account-commitments", "name": "Account commitments", "description": "Treat emotion, appraisal, orienting and belief revision interpretations as alternatives to investigate rather than settled equivalents.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which account is being used, who advances it, and what source supplies its definition?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "account-commitments-q01" }, { "text": "Does that account require conscious feeling, violated expectation, attention change, belief revision or another criterion?", "kind": "definition", "id": "account-commitments-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "neighbouring-phenomena", "name": "Neighbouring phenomena", "description": "Test possible confusion with novelty, startle, uncertainty and formal unexpectedness.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-boundaries", "name": "Instance boundaries", "description": "Record which competing labels fit the evidence and where a distinction remains unresolved.", "questions": [ { "text": "Could the evidence be explained by novelty, startle or uncertainty without establishing surprise?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "instance-boundaries-q01" }, { "text": "If a probability-based score is supplied, what connects its reference distribution to this experiencer's expectations?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "instance-boundaries-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "episode-evidence", "name": "Episode evidence", "description": "Record how surprise is reported, observed and tracked through time.", "rationale": "An unexpected event, expressive behaviour and a reported experience provide different grounds for attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "attribution-and-expression", "name": "Attribution and expression", "description": "Separate the experiencer's account from behavioural observations and third-party interpretations.", "findings": [ { "id": "converging-or-conflicting-evidence", "name": "Converging or conflicting evidence", "description": "Preserve agreement and disagreement among reports, expressions and contextual evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who reports surprise, and what was directly said or observed rather than interpreted?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "converging-or-conflicting-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Do self-report and observed behaviour agree, and what remains uncertain if they do not?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "converging-or-conflicting-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "intensity-and-course", "name": "Intensity and course", "description": "Describe the episode's reported strength, timing and changing pleasantness.", "findings": [ { "id": "temporal-profile", "name": "Temporal profile", "description": "Record onset, persistence and resolution only to the precision supported by the evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "When was surprise first noticed and last reported, and how were those times established?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "temporal-profile-q01" }, { "text": "How were intensity and valence assessed, and did either change as the occurrence became understood?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "temporal-profile-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sensemaking-and-response", "name": "Sensemaking and response", "description": "Track attempts to explain the discrepancy and choose a response.", "rationale": "An agent needs to distinguish unresolved surprise from an understood occurrence and respond to the experiencer's needs.", "layers": [ { "id": "explanation-and-updating", "name": "Explanation and updating", "description": "Record candidate explanations and any documented revision of expectations.", "findings": [ { "id": "discrepancy-resolution", "name": "Discrepancy resolution", "description": "Distinguish accepting an explanation, revising a belief and merely ceasing to express surprise.", "questions": [ { "text": "What explanation, if any, does the experiencer accept for the unexpected occurrence?", "kind": "definition", "id": "discrepancy-resolution-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence shows a changed expectation rather than only a reduced outward response?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "discrepancy-resolution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "appropriate-assistance", "name": "Appropriate assistance", "description": "Connect the episode to requested clarification, reassessment or a pause.", "findings": [ { "id": "response-choice", "name": "Response choice", "description": "Choose assistance using the experiencer's expressed needs and the practical consequences of the discrepancy.", "questions": [ { "text": "Would the experiencer welcome clarification, supporting evidence, time to process or no further discussion?", "kind": "action", "id": "response-choice-q01" }, { "text": "Does the unexpected information require revisiting a pending decision, and which assumption should be checked first?", "kind": "action", "id": "response-choice-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The sense is unrecorded; this description covers psychological surprise, not a deliberate act of surprising someone or a military tactic.", "Theories differ on whether surprise is a basic emotion, a cognitive response, or a combination of processes.", "Pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral surprise are descriptive distinctions; their status as separate kinds is not universally agreed." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of surprise this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Pleasant surprise", "Unpleasant surprise", "Affectively neutral surprise" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of surprise this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Psychological experiments use unexpected outcomes to study attention, expectations, learning, and memory.", "Narrative and performance use violated expectations in plot twists, jokes, and reveals.", "Interface and safety design consider unexpected system behaviour that can disrupt users' actions.", "Consumer research examines how unexpected experiences affect satisfaction." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of surprise this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Self-reported surprise intensity", "typical_range": "Instrument-dependent; no universal scale or reference range", "unit": "Rating-scale points" }, { "quantity": "Response latency following an unexpected event", "typical_range": "Task-dependent; usually compared with an expected-event condition", "unit": "Milliseconds" }, { "quantity": "Information-theoretic surprisal of an outcome", "typical_range": "0 to unbounded for outcomes with positive probability, calculated as −log₂(p)", "unit": "Bits" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of surprise this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Treating an unlikely event as necessarily surprising without establishing the person's expectations.", "Inferring subjective surprise solely from facial expressions or physiological responses.", "Conflating surprise with fear, startle, or general arousal.", "Unexpected events can interrupt ongoing tasks and delay effective action in safety-critical settings.", "Treating mathematical surprisal as a direct measurement of experienced emotion." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of surprise this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Language and cultural display norms can affect how surprise is described, expressed, and interpreted." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of surprise this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Startle", "difference": "Startle is a rapid defensive reflex to abrupt stimulation; surprise concerns violated expectations and can occur without an abrupt stimulus." }, { "name": "Fear", "difference": "Fear concerns perceived threat; surprise concerns unexpectedness and can be pleasant or neutral." }, { "name": "Novelty", "difference": "Novelty concerns unfamiliarity; a novel event can be expected, and a familiar event can occur unexpectedly." }, { "name": "Prediction error", "difference": "Prediction error is a discrepancy between predicted and observed outcomes; it need not produce a conscious experience of surprise." }, { "name": "Surprisal", "difference": "Surprisal is a mathematical quantity determined by an outcome's assigned probability; subjective surprise also depends on psychological processing and context." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of surprise this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which reference accounts should anchor this registry entry, and where do their criteria for an instance of surprise disagree?", "Should conscious experience be required, and what evidence would justify attribution to nonverbal humans, nonhuman animals or artificial agents?", "Which measures distinguish experienced surprise from novelty, arousal and startle across the intended contexts?", "How should expectations reconstructed after an event be represented when no prior expectation record exists?", "When should successive unexpected discoveries count as one continuing episode rather than several separate surprises?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 15, "questions": 23 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a surprise, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess surprise by recording whose expectations were disrupted, what changed, how the disruption was experienced or inferred, and which responses are appropriate.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Sputnik moment.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 85 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a surprise, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Sputnik moment" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 85 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one surprise from another, and a surprise from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a surprise sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a surprise from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a surprise passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a surprise between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a surprise, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a surprise is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a surprise proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a surprise, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a surprise and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a surprise consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a surprise takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What surprise is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of surprise are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is surprise operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of surprise and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of surprise?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as surprise?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a surprise came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a surprise and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a surprise is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a surprise, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a surprise, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a surprise is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }