{ "model": { "rank": 1172, "code": "thing-q33741", "model_id": "vr.tr.lightning", "name": "lightning", "purpose": "Let an agent give lightning safety guidance and strike first aid first, then explain lightning physics, detection and protection systems.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q33741/", "tier": 2, "score": 174, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "dry lightning", "linear lightning", "Sheet lightning", "lightning strike", "ball lightning", "heat lightning", "Bolt from the blue", "volcanic lightning", "anvil crawler lightning", "lightning strike causing a fatality", "paleolightning" ], "aliasCount": 11, "merged": 11, "knownIn": 174, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.lightning", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q33741", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33741", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T14:03:06Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q33741", "registryId": "vr.tr.lightning", "name": "lightning", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q33741/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.lightning", "name": "lightning", "purpose": "Let an agent give lightning safety guidance and strike first aid first, then explain lightning physics, detection and protection systems.", "definition": "A sudden electrostatic discharge in the atmosphere, usually during thunderstorms, between clouds or between a cloud and the ground, producing a bright flash and thunder; forms include cloud-to-ground, intra-cloud and sheet lightning, dry lightning that can start wildfires, and the rarely observed ball lightning.", "what_it_is_for": "A weather hazard and atmospheric phenomenon.", "affordances": [ "follow lightning safety guidance", "give first aid to strike victims", "find lightning detection maps and warnings", "understand lightning protection systems" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Electrical discharge", "Produces thunder", "Can strike people and structures", "Can start fires" ], "appearance": "Bright branching or diffuse flashes in the sky, followed by thunder.", "visual_identification": [ "Branching bolts to the ground", "Flashes within clouds", "Distant storms may show lightning without audible thunder" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "cloud-to-ground lightning", "intra-cloud and sheet lightning", "dry lightning", "ball lightning", "upper-atmosphere discharges such as sprites" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "electrometeor", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "occurs in", "target": "thunderstorm", "why": "weather" }, { "relation": "can cause", "target": "forest fire", "why": "hazard" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "voltage", "why": "electrical quantity" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "IEC 62305 lightning protection", "National weather warning systems", "Outdoor event safety plans" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Strikes on people outdoors", "Fires and power outages", "Unsafe shelter choices such as under trees" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Storm safety.", "rationale": "Safety comes first.", "layers": [ { "id": "shelter", "name": "Shelter", "description": "Taking shelter.", "findings": [ { "id": "shelter-finding", "name": "Shelter", "description": "Taking shelter.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is thunder audible or lightning nearby?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Should people go into a substantial building or hard-topped vehicle and avoid trees, water and open ground?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "strike", "name": "Strike", "description": "Strike victims.", "findings": [ { "id": "strike-finding", "name": "Strike", "description": "Strike first aid.", "questions": [ { "text": "Has someone been struck by lightning?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Should emergency services be called and CPR started if needed, noting victims carry no charge?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "science", "name": "Science", "description": "Physics.", "rationale": "Charge separation drives lightning.", "layers": [ { "id": "formation", "name": "Formation", "description": "How it forms.", "findings": [ { "id": "formation-finding", "name": "Formation", "description": "Formation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does charge separation in storms produce lightning?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Why does thunder follow?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "types", "name": "Types", "description": "Kinds of lightning.", "findings": [ { "id": "types-finding", "name": "Types", "description": "Types.", "questions": [ { "text": "What kind of lightning was observed?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What is known about ball lightning, according to researchers?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "warnings", "name": "Warnings", "description": "Detection.", "rationale": "Warnings save lives.", "layers": [ { "id": "maps", "name": "Maps", "description": "Detection maps.", "findings": [ { "id": "maps-finding", "name": "Maps", "description": "Detection maps.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where can live lightning detection maps and warnings be found?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How reliable are they?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "events", "name": "Events", "description": "Outdoor events.", "findings": [ { "id": "events-finding", "name": "Events", "description": "Outdoor events.", "questions": [ { "text": "What lightning policy should an outdoor event or sports club follow?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "When can activity resume?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection", "name": "Protection", "description": "Buildings.", "rationale": "Systems protect structures.", "layers": [ { "id": "systems", "name": "Systems", "description": "Lightning protection.", "findings": [ { "id": "systems-finding", "name": "Systems", "description": "Protection systems.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this building need a lightning protection system, according to risk assessment standards?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Who can install and inspect it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "surge", "name": "Surge", "description": "Surge protection.", "findings": [ { "id": "surge-finding", "name": "Surge", "description": "Surge protection.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can electronics be protected from lightning-induced surges?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which devices help?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should lightning types be separate entries?", "How should detection networks be linked?", "How should safety guidance be localised?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a lightning, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent give lightning safety guidance and strike first aid first, then explain lightning physics, detection and protection systems.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: dry lightning, linear lightning, Sheet lightning, lightning strike, ball lightning, heat lightning, Bolt from the blue, volcanic lightning, anvil crawler lightning, lightning strike causing a fatality, paleolightning.", "11 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 174 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a lightning, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "dry lightning", "linear lightning", "Sheet lightning", "lightning strike", "ball lightning", "heat lightning", "Bolt from the blue", "volcanic lightning", "anvil crawler lightning", "lightning strike causing a fatality", "paleolightning" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 174 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 11 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one lightning from another, and a lightning from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a lightning, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a lightning, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a lightning is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a lightning, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a lightning, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a lightning is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a lightning sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a lightning, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a lightning, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a lightning is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a lightning from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a lightning, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a lightning, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a lightning is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a lightning passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a lightning between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a lightning, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a lightning, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a lightning is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a lightning, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a lightning is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a lightning, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a lightning, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a lightning is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What lightning is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of lightning are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is lightning operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of lightning and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of lightning?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as lightning?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a lightning came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a lightning and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a lightning, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a lightning, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a lightning is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a lightning is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a lightning, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a lightning, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a lightning is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }