Agaricus
Enable an agent to recognise records of Agaricus, evaluate identification and biological state, and choose evidence-supported observation, sampling or referral actions.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read
Researched by: Codex
Purpose and description
Enable an agent to recognise records of Agaricus, evaluate identification and biological state, and choose evidence-supported observation, sampling or referral actions.
Agaricus is a genus of saprotrophic, gilled fungi in the family Agaricaceae, whose mushroom fruiting bodies typically have free gills that darken from pinkish to brown, a brown spore print, and a ring on the stem.
It can be Resolve an Agaricus name against a documented taxonomic treatment and retain unresolved mappings.; Compare a specimen's characters with a geographically appropriate key and record competing identifications.; Link photographs, vouchers, microscopy and sequence accessions to the same sampled material.; Record fruiting events and substrate associations while preserving uncertainty about mycelial individuals.; Select further microscopy, sequencing or expert review when identification remains insufficient.; Route cultivation or food-use questions to the identified species and strain model..
Distinguishing features
Check taxonomic rank and accepted placement: Agaricus is a genus within Agaricaceae, not the family or the order Agaricales. [Kew taxon record](https://species.data.kew.org/species/17030).
For typical exposed-gill fruiting bodies, assess free gills, a dark brown spore deposit and a partial-veil ring together; these are supporting characters, not individually decisive tests. [Agaricus review](https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/Mycosphere_7_4_3.pdf).
Record ring architecture, bruising response, odour and microscopic characters when separating similar Agaricus candidates; cap appearance alone supplies insufficient discriminating evidence. [Agaricus review](https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/Mycosphere_7_4_3.pdf).
Check whether an unusual enclosed fruiting body belongs to a recognised sequestrate lineage before rejecting Agaricus solely because exposed gills are absent. [Agaricus review](https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/Mycosphere_7_4_3.pdf).
Require a species determination before equating an Agaricus record with the cultivated button mushroom, A. bisporus. [NCBI PubChem taxonomy](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/5340).
Scope
+ Genus circumscription, nomenclatural authority, identifiers and relationships to accepted member species.
+ Evidence supporting Agaricus identification, including morphology, microscopy and sequence placement.
+ Distinction between mycelium, fruiting bodies, spores, specimens, cultures and populations.
+ Species-qualified substrate associations, occurrence evidence and fruiting conditions.
+ Limits on identification-dependent collection, cultivation and use decisions.
- All gilled mushrooms collectively, including fungi called agarics outside Agaricus.
- Complete species models for Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus campestris or other members.
- Mushrooms as food products, ingredients or commercial stock.
- Detailed mushroom-farm equipment, production processes and business operations.
- Clinical diagnosis or treatment of mushroom poisoning.
- Population-specific conservation management plans.
Characteristics
- Taxon concept and authority
- Agaricus L., 1753; selected taxonomic treatment, version and retrieval date Defines which member species and historical names the record includes.
- Registry and taxonomy linkage
- vr.tr.agaricus; NCBI:5340; independently verified GBIF and nomenclatural identifiers Connects evidence without merging genus, species and historical-name records.
- Biological referent
- Genus concept, species, population, mycelial individual, fruiting body, specimen or culture Prevents fruiting-body counts from becoming unsupported counts of individuals.
- Identification resolution
- Candidate genus, supported genus, section, species complex, species or unresolved Constrains which ecological and use claims may be applied.
- Fruiting-body character profile
- Gill attachment and maturity colour, spore-deposit colour, veil remnants, ring structure and base morphology Preserves observable evidence for comparison with a relevant identification key.
- Bruising and odour observations
- Tissue examined, colour response, elapsed seconds or minutes, odour descriptor and observation conditions Makes transient or subjective identification characters reviewable.
- Spore dimensions
- Length and width in micrometres, sample size and preparation method Supports comparisons among morphologically similar candidate species.
- Development and viability
- Spore, mycelium, primordium, immature or mature fruiting body, senescent material; viability separately assessed Separates reproductive appearance from evidence that the underlying fungus remains alive.
- Substrate and occurrence context
- Substrate description, habitat, coordinates with uncertainty, date and wild or cultivated origin Supports ecological interpretation without treating an occurrence as proof of native range.
- Conservation assessment applicability
- Assessed species or population, assessment body, category, year and geographic scope; unresolved where unchecked Prevents a member species' status from being assigned to the entire genus.
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 6 bundles · 11 layers · 18 findings · 31 questions.
Agaricus taxonomic identity Resolve the modern genus and the member concepts to which observations refer.
A genus-level registry entry must not silently become a model of a familiar edible species.
Accepted genus concept
Establish the authority, rank and source-backed circumscription.
Genus authority and identifiers
Record the selected treatment of Agaricus and verified external identifiers, including disagreement between providers.
- Which taxonomic treatment establishes the authority, date and circumscription used for Agaricus? provenance
- Do the NCBI, GBIF and nomenclatural records denote the same genus concept? boundary
Member and name resolution
Connect member species and historical usages without broadening the registry meaning.
Historical name and species mapping
Require an explicit mapping for historical Agaricus names and distinguish genus-only records from resolved member species.
- Does this name denote a currently included species, a historical combination now placed elsewhere or an unresolved usage? boundary
- Which publication or curated record supports its accepted-name mapping? provenance
Agaricus identification evidence Organise the observations needed to support or revise an Agaricus determination.
Similar fruiting bodies and variable characters require several independent lines of identification evidence.
Fruiting-body examination
Capture the whole fruiting body, its maturity and diagnostic character combinations.
Macroscopic character combination
Record gills, spore deposit, veil remnants, stipe base and tissue responses, explicitly marking missing or developmentally obscured characters.
- What gill attachment, mature spore-deposit colour, ring structure and intact-base features were actually observed? measurement
- Which alternatives remain consistent with these observations under the regional key? boundary
- Were bruising and odour observations recorded with tissue location, timing and specimen condition? measurement
Microscopic and molecular resolution
Resolve ambiguous or atypical material through traceable laboratory evidence.
Voucher-linked identification
Connect spore measurements and sequence evidence to a voucher and report the resolution they support.
- What spore measurements and other microscopic characters discriminate the remaining candidates? measurement
- Which voucher, sequence accession and authenticated references support molecular placement? provenance
- Should the determination remain at Agaricus or species-complex level pending additional evidence? action
Mycelium, fruiting and reproduction Describe observed biological material without equating a mushroom with the complete fungal individual.
Agaricus records must distinguish fruiting events, persistent mycelium and reproductive evidence.
Biological unit and stage
Identify what was observed, sampled or counted.
Fruiting body versus individual
Separate visible reproductive structures from inferred mycelial individuals and population records.
- Does the record describe a fruiting body, mycelial sample, culture or inferred individual? definition
- What evidence supports treating adjacent or recurrent fruiting bodies as the same individual? boundary
Reproductive and culture state
Record maturity, viability and species-qualified reproductive behaviour.
Reproductive evidence
Keep observed sporulation and culture viability separate from assumptions about mating systems or sexual dimorphism.
- What observations establish fruiting maturity, spore production or culture viability? measurement
- Which species- or strain-specific evidence establishes the mating system rather than importing assumptions from another Agaricus member? provenance
Substrate, range and persistence Attach ecological claims to identified material, places and observation periods.
Agaricus habitat and distribution claims need member-level evidence and must distinguish fruiting visibility from persistence.
Substrate and fruiting context
Record where material grows and the conditions under which fruiting was observed.
Substrate association
Agaricus is described as saprotrophic; record the actual substrate and distinguish it from nearby vegetation. [Agaricus review](https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/Mycosphere_7_4_3.pdf).
- What substrate is physically associated with the sampled mycelium or fruiting body? measurement
- Does the claimed ecological relationship rest on direct evidence or only on nearby plants? provenance
Occurrence and conservation scope
Interpret locality records and conservation assessments at the correct taxonomic scale.
Range and assessment evidence
Distinguish observed occurrence, inferred native distribution, cultivation records and assessed conservation units.
- Which verified records support native, introduced or cultivated occurrence for the identified species? provenance
- Which species or population does a conservation assessment cover, and what are its category, year and geographic scope? boundary
- Does an apparent decline reflect comparable surveys, or could changes in fruiting and detection explain it? measurement
Collection, cultivation and use decisions Tie proposed actions to identification resolution, material provenance and purpose.
Genus membership alone cannot establish that a specimen is suitable for a proposed food or cultivation use.
Use-claim applicability
Separate a biological determination from evidence supporting a specific use.
Species-specific use evidence
The genus includes both edible and poisonous species; keep any use claim attached to its identified subject and supporting evidence. [Agaricus review](https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/Mycosphere_7_4_3.pdf).
- Which identified species and material does the proposed use claim actually cover? boundary
- What identification or use evidence remains missing before the agent can support the requested action? action
Sampling and culture handoff
Preserve biological identity when material is collected, archived or transferred into cultivation.
Traceable material and next action
Link collected material and derived cultures to the original voucher, site and determination before handing off to species-specific workflows.
- Which voucher and collection record establish the identity and origin of this culture or sample? provenance
- Should the next step be documentation, permitted sampling, expert determination or transfer to a verified species-and-strain cultivation model? action
Evidence and external alignment What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.
A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.
Reported evidence
Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.
Check these first
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- This describes the modern genus sense; historical uses of Agaricus encompassed a broader collection of gilled fungi.
- Accepted species boundaries, exact database identifiers, and species-level authorities require verification.
- Native range, conservation assessment, dimensions, and developmental details must be specified by species; no single genus-wide IUCN status or measurement range is asserted.
- Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Agaricus this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Kinds and varieties
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Agaricus bisporus - cultivated button mushroom
- Agaricus campestris - field mushroom
- Agaricus arvensis - horse mushroom
- Agaricus augustus - the prince
- Agaricus xanthodermus - yellow-staining mushroom
- Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Agaricus this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Identifiers and schemes
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Botanical and fungal nomenclatural author citation - Agaricus L. - Genus attributed to Linnaeus, 1753; this names a genus, not a species.
- MycoBank - Numeric fungal-name identifier - Identifiers distinguish nomenclatural records; the exact genus identifier requires checking.
- GBIF taxon key - Numeric taxon identifier - The genus and its constituent species have separate taxon records.
- NCBI Taxonomy - Numeric Taxonomy ID - The exact genus identifier is not supplied from recall.
- Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Agaricus this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Standards and regulation
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: governs scientific naming; adopted through international botanical congress procedures and published through the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
- Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Agaricus this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Real-world use
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Agaricus bisporus is cultivated commercially as button, cremini, and portobello mushrooms.
- Some wild species are collected for food.
- Cultivated species support research into mushroom development, fungal genetics, and compost decomposition.
- Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Agaricus this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Failure modes and hazards
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- The genus includes poisonous species; genus membership does not establish edibility.
- Some species cause gastrointestinal poisoning.
- Misidentification can confuse edible Agaricus with dangerous mushrooms in other genera, including Amanita.
- Odour, staining, or a single visible feature is insufficient for reliable identification.
- Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Agaricus this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Regional variation
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Species composition varies among regions and habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, and disturbed ground.
- Commercial cultivation and movement of growing materials complicate distinctions between native and introduced distributions.
- Common names and traditional food use vary by region.
- Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Agaricus this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Agaricus bisporus - A species within Agaricus; its cultivation traits do not describe every member of the genus.
- Agaricaceae - The family containing Agaricus and other genera.
- Amanita - A separate genus typically producing a white spore print, whereas Agaricus produces a brown spore print; this distinction alone is not an edibility test.
- Agaric - A general term for a gilled mushroom, not a synonym for the genus Agaricus.
- Mushroom fruiting body - A reproductive structure produced by a fungus; Agaricus names a taxon rather than an individual structure or harvested food.
- Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Agaricus this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
What the second pass must settle
- Which current nomenclatural treatment and verified GBIF identifier should anchor the registry's Agaricus concept, including atypical sequestrate members?
- Which regional keys and authenticated reference sequences adequately resolve the species complexes likely to occur in the intended deployment area?
- Which member-species records establish native range rather than cultivation, introduction or historical misidentification?
- Which Agaricus species have relevant IUCN or regional assessments, and what assessment years and geographic scopes apply?
- Which reproductive, culture and use claims are supported for particular species or strains, and which remain unresolved?