{ "model": { "rank": 428, "code": "thing-q397", "model_id": "vr.tr.latin", "name": "Latin", "purpose": "Let an agent explain Latin and its stages, support learning, reading and translation, explain its role in scientific and legal terminology, and give sourced information on its history and continuing use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q397/", "tier": 2, "score": 307, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Hiberno-Latin", "medieval Latin", "Old Latin", "Contemporary Latin", "Ecclesiastical Latin", "Neo-Latin", "macaronic Latin", "Late Latin", "Law Latin", "Vulgar Latin", "renaissance Latin", "botanical latin", "British Latin" ], "aliasCount": 13, "merged": 13, "knownIn": 307, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q397", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T19:52:27Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q397", "registryId": "vr.tr.latin", "name": "Latin", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q397/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.latin", "name": "Latin", "purpose": "Let an agent explain Latin and its stages, support learning, reading and translation, explain its role in scientific and legal terminology, and give sourced information on its history and continuing use.", "definition": "The classical language of ancient Rome and the Latin-speaking world, ancestor of the Romance languages, used through medieval and early modern Europe as the language of scholarship, law and the Church, with stages such as Old, Classical, Vulgar, Medieval, Ecclesiastical and Neo-Latin; Latin remains in use in the Catholic Church, science nomenclature, law and education.", "what_it_is_for": "Classical scholarship, terminology and education.", "affordances": [ "explain grammar and stages of Latin", "support translation and reading", "explain Latin terms in science, law and medicine", "describe history and continuing use" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Ancestor of Romance languages", "Highly inflected", "Many historical stages", "Terminology source" ], "appearance": "Not physical; a language in inscriptions, texts and terms.", "visual_identification": [ "Inflected grammar with cases", "Classical texts and inscriptions", "Italian is a descendant, not Latin" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "Old and Classical Latin", "Vulgar Latin", "Medieval and Ecclesiastical Latin", "Neo-Latin and Contemporary Latin", "regional forms such as Hiberno-Latin" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "Latino-Faliscan", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is the ancestor of", "target": "Portuguese", "why": "Romance language" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "Indo-European", "why": "language family" }, { "relation": "is used in", "target": "sources of law", "why": "legal terminology" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ISO 639-1", "value_or_pattern": "la", "note": "language code" }, { "scheme": "ISO 639-3", "value_or_pattern": "lat", "note": "language code" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Vatican Latin usage and the Latinitas foundation", "Scientific nomenclature codes using Latin", "School curricula for Latin" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Mistranslation in mottos and tattoos", "Confusing stages and pronunciations", "Misattributed quotations" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "language", "name": "Language", "description": "Structure.", "rationale": "Cases and conjugations.", "layers": [ { "id": "grammar", "name": "Grammar", "description": "Key features.", "findings": [ { "id": "grammar-finding", "name": "Grammar", "description": "Grammar.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does this Latin grammar point work, such as a case use or verb form?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which stage of Latin does the text belong to?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "pronunciation", "name": "Pronunciation", "description": "Pronunciation conventions.", "findings": [ { "id": "pronunciation-finding", "name": "Pronunciation", "description": "Pronunciation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is Latin pronounced in classical, ecclesiastical and traditional national conventions?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which convention suits the context?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "translate", "name": "Translate", "description": "Reading and translating.", "rationale": "Accuracy matters.", "layers": [ { "id": "text", "name": "Text", "description": "Translating text.", "findings": [ { "id": "text-finding", "name": "Text", "description": "Translation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How should this Latin passage be translated, with attention to grammar and context?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Are there scholarly translations to compare?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "mottos", "name": "Mottos", "description": "Mottos and phrases.", "findings": [ { "id": "mottos-finding", "name": "Mottos", "description": "Mottos.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this Latin phrase or motto correct and idiomatic?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Is the attributed quotation genuine?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "terms", "name": "Terms", "description": "Latin in terminology.", "rationale": "Science, law and medicine.", "layers": [ { "id": "science", "name": "Science", "description": "Nomenclature.", "findings": [ { "id": "science-finding", "name": "Science", "description": "Nomenclature.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does this Latin scientific or medical term mean, and how is it formed?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which nomenclature code governs it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "Legal Latin.", "findings": [ { "id": "law-finding", "name": "Law", "description": "Legal Latin.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does this legal Latin term mean in this legal system?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is plain language preferred today?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "Latin through time.", "rationale": "A living heritage.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages", "name": "Stages", "description": "Historical stages.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-finding", "name": "Stages", "description": "Stages.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did Latin change from Old Latin to Neo-Latin, and how did Romance languages emerge?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which texts mark each stage?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "today", "name": "Today", "description": "Contemporary use.", "findings": [ { "id": "today-finding", "name": "Today", "description": "Contemporary use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where is Latin used today, in the Church, education and living Latin communities?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which resources support learners?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each stage be a separate entry?", "How should dictionaries and corpora be linked?", "How should pronunciation conventions be recorded?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Latin, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain Latin and its stages, support learning, reading and translation, explain its role in scientific and legal terminology, and give sourced information on its history and continuing use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Hiberno-Latin, medieval Latin, Old Latin, Contemporary Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin, Neo-Latin, macaronic Latin, Late Latin, Law Latin, Vulgar Latin, renaissance Latin, botanical latin.", "13 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 307 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Latin, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Hiberno-Latin", "medieval Latin", "Old Latin", "Contemporary Latin", "Ecclesiastical Latin", "Neo-Latin", "macaronic Latin", "Late Latin", "Law Latin", "Vulgar Latin", "renaissance Latin", "botanical latin" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 307 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 13 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Latin from another, and a Latin from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Latin sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Latin from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Latin passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Latin between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Latin, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Latin is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a Latin says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a Latin contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a Latin and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of Latin a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For Latin, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of Latin exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made Latin and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to Latin, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in Latin, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Latin came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Latin and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Latin is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Latin, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Latin, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Latin is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }