{ "model": { "rank": 2822, "code": "thing-q41760", "model_id": "vr.tr.fermentation", "name": "fermentation", "purpose": "Let an agent handle fermentation in its biochemical and food senses by organism, product, process and safety.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.PRC", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q41760/", "tier": 2, "score": 96, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "raking", "fermentative hydrogen production", "D-xylose fermentation", "nitrogenous compound fermentation", "glucose catabolic process to lactate", "glucose catabolic process to butyrate", "butyrate fermentation", "amino acid fermentation", "Bottle Conditioning", "alkaline fermentation", "wine fermentation", "tobacco fermentation", "Symbiotic fermentation", "succinic acid fermentation", "butanediol fermentation", "glycolytic fermentation", "non-glycolytic fermentation", "acetate fermentation", "butyric fermentation", "lactic acid fermentation", "co-fermentation", "enteric fermentation", "Bombage", "malolactic fermentation", "Solid-state fermentation", "Stuck fermentation", "low fermentation", "industrial fermentation", "ethanol fermentation", "Propionic acid fermentation", "glycolytic fermentation to ethanol", "spontaneous fermentation", "spontanous fermentation of beer" ], "aliasCount": 33, "merged": 33, "knownIn": 96, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q41760", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T09:12:59Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q41760", "registryId": "vr.tr.fermentation", "name": "fermentation", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.PRC" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q41760/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.fermentation", "name": "fermentation", "purpose": "Let an agent handle fermentation in its biochemical and food senses by organism, product, process and safety.", "definition": "A metabolic process in which microorganisms or cells obtain energy from organic compounds without oxygen as the final electron acceptor, producing acids, gases or alcohol; used to make foods and drinks such as bread, yoghurt, kimchi, beer and wine, and in industry.", "what_it_is_for": "Energy metabolism, food preservation and production, and biotechnology.", "affordances": [ "explain fermentation pathways in general terms", "make fermented foods safely", "control industrial fermentation", "assess health claims" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Anaerobic energy metabolism", "Produces acids, alcohol or gas", "Used for thousands of years in food", "Needs hygiene to be safe" ], "appearance": "Bubbling, souring or rising in foods and tanks.", "visual_identification": [ "Lactic, alcoholic and other fermentations", "Fermented foods", "Industrial bioreactors" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "lactic acid fermentation", "alcoholic fermentation", "acetic fermentation", "mixed-acid and butyric fermentation", "industrial fermentation" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "metabolic process", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is carried out by", "target": "yeast and bacteria", "why": "organisms" }, { "relation": "produces", "target": "beer, wine, yoghurt", "why": "products" }, { "relation": "is used in", "target": "food preservation", "why": "application" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Food hygiene rules", "Alcohol production licensing", "Health claims regulation" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Contamination by harmful microbes", "Methanol risk in improper distillation", "Exploding containers from gas pressure" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "process", "name": "Process", "description": "Which fermentation.", "rationale": "Types differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "type", "name": "Type", "description": "Lactic, alcoholic.", "findings": [ { "id": "type-finding", "name": "Type", "description": "Fermentation type.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which type of fermentation is it?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which organisms carry it out?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "chemistry", "name": "Chemistry", "description": "Pathway.", "findings": [ { "id": "chemistry-finding", "name": "Chemistry", "description": "Biochemistry.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the pathway in general terms?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What products are formed?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "food", "name": "Food", "description": "Fermented foods.", "rationale": "Food fermentation needs care.", "layers": [ { "id": "making", "name": "Making", "description": "Home fermentation.", "findings": [ { "id": "making-finding", "name": "Making", "description": "Home fermentation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can this food be fermented safely at home?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What signs show spoilage?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Hazards.", "findings": [ { "id": "safety-finding", "name": "Safety", "description": "Food safety.", "questions": [ { "text": "What hazards exist, such as mould or gas pressure?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Is distillation legal and safe here?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "industry", "name": "Industry", "description": "Biotechnology.", "rationale": "Industry uses fermentation.", "layers": [ { "id": "bioprocess", "name": "Bioprocess", "description": "Production.", "findings": [ { "id": "bioprocess-finding", "name": "Bioprocess", "description": "Industrial fermentation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is produced industrially by fermentation?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How is the process controlled?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "scale", "name": "Scale", "description": "Capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "scale-finding", "name": "Scale", "description": "Scale.", "questions": [ { "text": "What scale and yields are typical?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "From which source?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "health", "name": "Health", "description": "Claims.", "rationale": "Claims need evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "claims", "name": "Claims", "description": "Probiotics.", "findings": [ { "id": "claims-finding", "name": "Claims", "description": "Health claims.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is a health claim for this fermented food supported?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it authorised?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "alcohol", "name": "Alcohol", "description": "Content.", "findings": [ { "id": "alcohol-finding", "name": "Alcohol", "description": "Alcohol content.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the fermented product contain alcohol?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Is it suitable for children or in pregnancy?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should fermentation types be separate entries?", "How should fermented foods be linked?", "How should biochemical pathways be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a fermentation, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle fermentation in its biochemical and food senses by organism, product, process and safety.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: raking, fermentative hydrogen production, D-xylose fermentation, nitrogenous compound fermentation, glucose catabolic process to lactate, glucose catabolic process to butyrate, butyrate fermentation, amino acid fermentation, Bottle Conditioning, alkaline fermentation, wine fermentation, tobacco fermentation.", "33 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 96 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a fermentation, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "raking", "fermentative hydrogen production", "D-xylose fermentation", "nitrogenous compound fermentation", "glucose catabolic process to lactate", "glucose catabolic process to butyrate", "butyrate fermentation", "amino acid fermentation", "Bottle Conditioning", "alkaline fermentation", "wine fermentation", "tobacco fermentation" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 96 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 33 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one fermentation from another, and a fermentation from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a fermentation sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a fermentation from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a fermentation passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a fermentation between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a fermentation, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a fermentation is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a fermentation proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a fermentation, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a fermentation and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a fermentation consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a fermentation takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What fermentation is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of fermentation are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is fermentation operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of fermentation and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of fermentation?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as fermentation?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a fermentation came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a fermentation and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a fermentation is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a fermentation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a fermentation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a fermentation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }