macrolides
Let an agent explain macrolides, relay chemistry, mechanisms, uses, side effects and resistance from pharmacology sources in general terms, route medicine questions to pharmacists or prescribers, and distinguish macrolides from other antibiotic classes, ketolides, macrocycles generally and lincosamides.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent explain macrolides, relay chemistry, mechanisms, uses, side effects and resistance from pharmacology sources in general terms, route medicine questions to pharmacists or prescribers, and distinguish macrolides from other antibiotic classes, ketolides, macrocycles generally and lincosamides.
A class of natural and semi-synthetic compounds containing a large macrocyclic lactone ring, best known as macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, introduced in the early 1950s, clarithromycin and azithromycin, which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, and also including immunosuppressants such as tacrolimus and sirolimus and antiparasitic avermectins, whose discovery earned William Campbell and Satoshi Omura part of the 2015 Nobel Prize; macrolide antibiotics can cause QT prolongation and drug interactions, and antibiotic resistance makes prudent prescribing important. Medicine questions should go to a pharmacist or prescriber.
What it is for: Treating infections, suppressing immunity and controlling parasites.
It can be explain chemistry and mechanism; relay uses and side effects in general terms; relay resistance issues; route medicine questions to professionals.
Distinguishing features
Macrocyclic lactone
Ribosome binding antibiotics
Diverse uses
Interaction risks
What it looks like
Not visible as a class; medicines as tablets, suspensions and infusions.
Physical character
erythromycin introduced: early 1950s note
ring size: typically 12-16 atoms in antibiotics note
avermectin Nobel Prize: 2015 year - Campbell and Omura
How it is recognised
Compounds with a macrocyclic lactone ring
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tacrolimus, avermectins
Beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones are other antibiotic classes; ketolides are macrolide derivatives; lincosamides are distinct
Related models
is a kind of - in registry terms
includes -
includes -
is affected by -
In practice
Families and kinds
14-membered macrolides such as erythromycin
15-membered azalides such as azithromycin
16-membered macrolides
immunosuppressant macrolides
avermectins and milbemycins
Standards and regulation
Medicine regulator product information
WHO AWaRe antibiotic classification
Antimicrobial stewardship programmes
Failure modes and hazards
Heart rhythm effects and drug interactions
Inappropriate antibiotic use driving resistance
Giving individual dosing advice
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Understand What macrolides are.
Science.
Definition
Definition.
Definition
Definition.
- What are macrolides, and how do they differ from other antibiotic classes, ketolides, lincosamides and macrocycles? definition
- Is the question about a personal prescription or side effect, which a pharmacist or prescriber should answer, or severe palpitations or allergy needing urgent care? boundary
Members
Members.
Members
Members.
- What are erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tacrolimus and avermectins? definition
- Which entry fits the specific compound? action
Pharmacology Pharmacology.
Science.
Mechanism
Mechanism.
Mechanism
Mechanism.
- How do macrolide antibiotics block bacterial protein synthesis? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Safety
Safety.
Safety
Safety.
- What do regulators say about QT prolongation and CYP3A4 interactions? provenance
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Resistance Resistance.
Regulation.
Mechanisms
Resistance mechanisms.
Mechanisms
Mechanisms.
- How do bacteria resist macrolides, for example through erm methylation? provenance
- Which entry fits antimicrobial resistance? action
Stewardship
Stewardship.
Stewardship
Stewardship.
- How does WHO AWaRe classify macrolides for stewardship? provenance
- Which entry fits AWaRe? action
Context Other uses and history.
Context.
Immunosuppressants
Transplant medicine.
Immunosuppressants
Immunosuppressants.
- How are tacrolimus and sirolimus used in transplantation, in general terms? provenance
- Which entry fits tacrolimus? action
Avermectins
Avermectins.
Avermectins
Avermectins.
- How did avermectins transform control of river blindness? provenance
- Which entry fits ivermectin? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should antibiotic and immunosuppressant macrolides be separate entries?
- How should pharmacology references be linked?
- How should resistance data be kept current?