{
    "model": {
        "rank": 2434,
        "code": "thing-q43088",
        "model_id": "vr.tr.ruby",
        "name": "ruby",
        "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise ruby, assess its material state and evidential certainty, and decide whether it is suitable for a proposed examination, transformation or use.",
        "family": "Thing Registry",
        "category": "Physical world and living systems",
        "status": "research-draft",
        "kind": "thing",
        "plane": "PHY",
        "domain": "PHY.MAT",
        "industry": "",
        "version": "",
        "url": "/models/thing/q43088/",
        "tier": 2,
        "score": 106,
        "payload": {
            "layer": "wikidata",
            "aliases": [],
            "aliasCount": 0,
            "merged": 0,
            "knownIn": 106,
            "facets": null,
            "markers": [],
            "lexicalClass": "",
            "senseRank": null,
            "alsoRegisteredAs": null,
            "source": {
                "dataset": "wikidata",
                "item": "Q43088",
                "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43088",
                "license": "CC0 1.0"
            }
        },
        "research": {
            "vercy": "1.0-draft",
            "publication": {
                "status": "research-draft",
                "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed",
                "publishableCanonical": false,
                "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:17:10Z",
                "providers": [
                    "Codex"
                ],
                "missingProviders": [
                    "Grok"
                ],
                "pass": 2,
                "cost": {
                    "grok": {
                        "usd": null,
                        "turns": null,
                        "seconds": 13.8,
                        "error": "Error: Internal error: {\n  \"message\": \"API error (status 402 Payment Required): Grok Build usage balance exhausted\",\n  \"http_status\": 402\n}",
                        "retried": true
                    },
                    "codex": {
                        "seconds": 97.8,
                        "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b26-c37a-7d93-bd11-3849e76d654a\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: ruby\nRegistry id: vr.tr.ruby\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy model s"
                    }
                }
            },
            "metaModel": {
                "id": "THING-Q43088",
                "registryId": "vr.tr.ruby",
                "name": "ruby",
                "version": "0.1.0-research.1",
                "entryKind": "thing",
                "family": "Thing Registry",
                "domain": [
                    "PHY.MAT"
                ],
                "status": "research-draft"
            },
            "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q43088/",
            "model": {
                "registry_id": "vr.tr.ruby",
                "name": "ruby",
                "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise ruby, assess its material state and evidential certainty, and decide whether it is suitable for a proposed examination, transformation or use.",
                "definition": "",
                "scope_statement": "This model owns the material identity, observable properties, growth origin, modifications, condition and use constraints of an individual ruby specimen or explicitly characterised ruby lot under vr.tr.ruby, provisionally including natural and synthetic material in rough, polished or component form.",
                "in_scope": [
                    "Identification of ruby and the boundary with pink sapphire, other red minerals and imitations",
                    "Natural or synthetic growth origin, distinguished from geographic origin and custody history",
                    "Colour, internal features, optical behaviour and specimen geometry",
                    "Treatments, fillers, coatings and composite construction affecting interpretation or handling",
                    "Material condition and suitability for gem, specimen or technical use"
                ],
                "out_of_scope": [
                    "The general classification of corundum and sapphire varieties",
                    "Mine geology, extraction operations and mineral-resource estimation",
                    "Jewellery settings and the condition of the complete jewellery object",
                    "Laser systems, bearings and other devices incorporating ruby",
                    "Ownership, trade compliance, commercial valuation and transaction management"
                ],
                "distinguishing_features": [
                    "Require evidence that the material is corundum before accepting its red appearance as ruby identification; retain the examination method and unresolved alternatives. Ruby is a corundum variety. [GIA ruby overview](https://www.gia.edu/ruby)",
                    "Assess whether red is the dominant hue under recorded viewing conditions, retaining the naming convention used at the ruby-pink sapphire boundary. GIA uses comparison stones for this decision. [GIA ruby quality factors](https://www.gia.edu/ruby-quality-factor)",
                    "Distinguish natural from synthetic ruby through interpreted growth and inclusion evidence, with laboratory examination where needed; matching bulk properties alone does not establish natural origin. [GIA ruby overview](https://www.gia.edu/ruby)",
                    "Examine the interior and surface for evidence relevant to natural growth, synthetic growth and treatment, rather than treating an attractive red appearance as a complete identification. [GIA inclusion reference](https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2017-inclusions-natural-synthetic-ruby)",
                    "Separate the identity of the ruby host from any filling or assembled construction; identification and treatment conclusions must remain distinct. [GIA buyer's guide](https://www.gia.edu/ruby/buyers-guide)"
                ],
                "characteristics": [
                    {
                        "name": "Material identification",
                        "kind": "category",
                        "unit_or_values": "ruby confirmed | ruby provisional | another material identified | unresolved; method and evidence required",
                        "why_it_matters": "Prevents appearance or a seller's label from establishing material identity."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Growth origin",
                        "kind": "category",
                        "unit_or_values": "natural | synthetic | mixed construction | unresolved",
                        "why_it_matters": "Separates how the crystal formed from whether it has subsequently been treated."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Colour observation",
                        "kind": "measurement",
                        "unit_or_values": "Declared colour system or spectrum, with illuminant, orientation, geometry and uncertainty",
                        "why_it_matters": "Supports repeatable colour comparison and review of borderline ruby naming."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Optical identification evidence",
                        "kind": "measurement",
                        "unit_or_values": "Refractive index and birefringence where measurable; spectral wavelength in nm or wavenumber in cm^-1; method and limitations",
                        "why_it_matters": "Provides evidence for identification without making one measurement decisive."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Mass and geometry",
                        "kind": "measurement",
                        "unit_or_values": "g or ct; dimensions in mm; orientation and accessible measurement surfaces",
                        "why_it_matters": "Supports specimen matching, cutting decisions and component fit."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Internal-feature distribution",
                        "kind": "state",
                        "unit_or_values": "Located inclusions, growth features, colour zones, fractures and cavities; observation scale recorded",
                        "why_it_matters": "Connects diagnostic evidence and local weaknesses to the actual specimen."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Treatment assessment",
                        "kind": "state",
                        "unit_or_values": "For each suspected treatment: detected | not detected by stated examination | inconclusive | unexamined",
                        "why_it_matters": "Prevents a limited negative result from becoming an unsupported claim of no treatment."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Non-ruby constituent",
                        "kind": "relation",
                        "unit_or_values": "Linked filler, coating, backing, matrix or joined part; composition and extent known or unresolved",
                        "why_it_matters": "Allows the agent to assess the whole specimen without attributing every property to ruby."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Geographic-origin assessment",
                        "kind": "relation",
                        "unit_or_values": "Claimed or assessed locality linked to supporting record, assessor, date and uncertainty",
                        "why_it_matters": "Keeps locality assertions separate from natural-versus-synthetic identification."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Material condition",
                        "kind": "state",
                        "unit_or_values": "Mapped chips, cracks, abrasion, surface alteration and changes to filling; inspection date and access limits",
                        "why_it_matters": "Makes handling and transformation decisions depend on current condition."
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "Intended-use requirements",
                        "kind": "relation",
                        "unit_or_values": "Linked gem, specimen or technical requirement with acceptance criteria and evaluation status",
                        "why_it_matters": "Prevents decorative quality from being substituted for technical fitness."
                    }
                ],
                "affordances": [
                    "Select examinations that distinguish ruby from plausible red lookalikes and resolve uncertain growth origin.",
                    "Match a specimen to its report using dimensions, images and located internal features.",
                    "Assess whether cutting or polishing can preserve desired colour, optical effects and structurally sound material.",
                    "Choose handling, cleaning or repair conditions from the observed damage and treatment assessment.",
                    "Evaluate a ruby against explicit ornamental, collection or technical requirements.",
                    "Refer unresolved identification, treatment or origin claims for specialist examination."
                ]
            },
            "sources": [],
            "structure": {
                "bundles": [
                    {
                        "id": "ruby-identity-boundaries",
                        "name": "Ruby identity and boundaries",
                        "description": "Establish what material is present and whether ruby is the supported designation.",
                        "rationale": "Red appearance does not independently establish corundum identity or settle the boundary with pink sapphire.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "corundum-identification",
                                "name": "Corundum identification",
                                "description": "Connect the proposed material identity to observations that discriminate between alternatives.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "supported-ruby-identification",
                                        "name": "Supported ruby identification",
                                        "description": "Record the identification conclusion, evidence, competing identifications and limits of the examination.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "Which observations support corundum rather than red spinel, garnet, glass or another candidate?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "id": "supported-ruby-identification-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "Which optical or analytical results were obtained, and which specimen surfaces or mounting constraints limited them?",
                                                "kind": "measurement",
                                                "id": "supported-ruby-identification-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "red-variety-boundary",
                                "name": "Red-variety boundary",
                                "description": "Make the colour basis and convention behind the ruby designation explicit.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "ruby-sapphire-naming",
                                        "name": "Ruby-sapphire naming decision",
                                        "description": "Retain the observed colour, comparison basis and any disagreement over the variety designation.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "Under which illuminant, viewing direction and comparison convention was this specimen called ruby?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "id": "ruby-sapphire-naming-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "Does a pink, purple or unevenly coloured region leave the ruby designation disputed, and by whom?",
                                                "kind": "boundary",
                                                "id": "ruby-sapphire-naming-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "growth-and-origin-evidence",
                        "name": "Growth and origin evidence",
                        "description": "Separate crystal growth origin, geographic attribution and specimen-to-report correspondence.",
                        "rationale": "A ruby can be correctly identified while its natural origin, locality or associated report remains unverified.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "crystal-growth-origin",
                                "name": "Crystal growth origin",
                                "description": "Assess evidence of natural or synthetic formation.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "growth-origin-conclusion",
                                        "name": "Growth-origin conclusion",
                                        "description": "Record the interpreted growth and inclusion evidence, including inconclusive or conflicting results.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "What examined growth structures, inclusions or analytical evidence support natural or synthetic origin?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "id": "growth-origin-conclusion-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "Does the evidence justify a specific synthetic growth process, or only a broader synthetic conclusion?",
                                                "kind": "boundary",
                                                "id": "growth-origin-conclusion-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "locality-and-report-linkage",
                                "name": "Locality and report linkage",
                                "description": "Keep asserted locality and laboratory opinions tied to the examined specimen.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "attribution-and-correspondence",
                                        "name": "Attribution and specimen correspondence",
                                        "description": "Record who made each origin assertion and how the present ruby is matched to its supporting record.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "Is the locality supported by collection documentation, a laboratory opinion or an unverified supplier statement?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "id": "attribution-and-correspondence-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "Do mass, dimensions, photographs and identifiable internal features match the referenced specimen record?",
                                                "kind": "measurement",
                                                "id": "attribution-and-correspondence-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "treatment-and-construction",
                        "name": "Treatment and construction",
                        "description": "Describe modifications to ruby and the contribution of added materials.",
                        "rationale": "Treatment and construction can change the interpretation of appearance and the operations appropriate for a specimen.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "ruby-treatment-evidence",
                                "name": "Ruby treatment evidence",
                                "description": "Assess possible modifications with explicit detection limits.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "treatment-specific-conclusions",
                                        "name": "Treatment-specific conclusions",
                                        "description": "Maintain separate assessments for heating, diffusion, dyeing, coating and other suspected modifications.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "Which treatments were examined for, by what methods, and with what findings?",
                                                "kind": "measurement",
                                                "id": "treatment-specific-conclusions-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "Does a report state that treatment was not detected, or provide evidence sufficient for a stronger conclusion?",
                                                "kind": "boundary",
                                                "id": "treatment-specific-conclusions-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "fillers-and-joined-material",
                                "name": "Fillers and joined material",
                                "description": "Locate added substances and distinguish the ruby host from the complete material assembly.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "added-material-extent",
                                        "name": "Added-material extent",
                                        "description": "Record the location, identity and known extent of filling, coating or joined parts.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "Which fractures, cavities or surfaces contain added material, and how was that material identified?",
                                                "kind": "measurement",
                                                "id": "added-material-extent-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "Does the proposed description adequately disclose the added material, or require a composite or assembled-object designation?",
                                                "kind": "boundary",
                                                "id": "added-material-extent-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "appearance-and-material-integrity",
                        "name": "Appearance and material integrity",
                        "description": "Map ruby-specific visual behaviour alongside defects that constrain use.",
                        "rationale": "Colour distribution, directional appearance and internal features influence both presentation and material decisions.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "colour-and-optical-effects",
                                "name": "Colour and optical effects",
                                "description": "Characterise appearance under conditions that can be repeated.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "orientation-dependent-appearance",
                                        "name": "Orientation-dependent appearance",
                                        "description": "Record colour zoning, transparency, directional colour and any observed star effect without assuming every ruby exhibits them.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "How do colour and transparency vary across the specimen and with viewing direction under stated lighting?",
                                                "kind": "measurement",
                                                "id": "orientation-dependent-appearance-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "If a star effect is observed, what lighting and orientation reveal it, and how are its sharpness and position documented?",
                                                "kind": "measurement",
                                                "id": "orientation-dependent-appearance-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "fractures-and-surface-condition",
                                "name": "Fractures and surface condition",
                                "description": "Locate damage and distinguish current condition from identification evidence.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "damage-and-vulnerable-regions",
                                        "name": "Damage and vulnerable regions",
                                        "description": "Map cracks, chips, cavities and altered areas relative to facets, edges, inclusions and any filling.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "Which fractures reach the surface or intersect a proposed cutting, setting or contact region?",
                                                "kind": "measurement",
                                                "id": "damage-and-vulnerable-regions-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "Which apparent changes are demonstrated by earlier inspection records, and which areas remain inaccessible?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "id": "damage-and-vulnerable-regions-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "ruby-use-and-intervention",
                        "name": "Ruby use and intervention",
                        "description": "Connect the characterised material to a proposed use or physical operation.",
                        "rationale": "A gem, collection specimen and technical ruby component require different evidence of fitness.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "use-specific-fitness",
                                "name": "Use-specific fitness",
                                "description": "Evaluate the specimen against requirements supplied by its intended application.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "fitness-against-requirements",
                                        "name": "Fitness against requirements",
                                        "description": "Record the relevant dimensional, optical, compositional or aesthetic requirements and unresolved acceptance checks.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "Is this ruby intended for display, jewellery, scientific study or a technical component, and what material criteria govern acceptance?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "id": "fitness-against-requirements-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "Which required properties have been measured on this specimen, and which are merely assumed from its ruby identity?",
                                                "kind": "measurement",
                                                "id": "fitness-against-requirements-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "intervention-compatibility",
                                "name": "Intervention compatibility",
                                "description": "Assess proposed cleaning, cutting, polishing, mounting or thermal exposure against actual material evidence.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "operation-specific-decision",
                                        "name": "Operation-specific decision",
                                        "description": "Record the proposed operation, supporting compatibility evidence and any examination needed before proceeding.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "text": "Given the mapped fractures and treatment assessment, what supports the proposed cleaning, heating, cutting or mounting operation?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "id": "operation-specific-decision-q01"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "text": "What further examination or specialist judgement is needed where fillers, coatings or treatment status remain unresolved?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "id": "operation-specific-decision-q02"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                ]
            },
            "openQuestions": [
                "Does the registry intend ruby to include synthetic technical material, non-gem specimens and ruby-bearing matrix, or should some be represented through neighbouring models?",
                "Which recognised naming conventions should the model support at the ruby-pink sapphire boundary, and how should conflicting assessments be retained?",
                "What minimum examination evidence is sufficient for each identification and treatment conclusion across rough, loose, mounted and technical specimens?",
                "At what extent of filling or joined material should the complete object be classified through a composite model while retaining a linked ruby constituent?",
                "Which application-specific standards and validated compatibility references should govern technical acceptance and intervention decisions?"
            ],
            "statistics": {
                "bundles": 5,
                "layers": 10,
                "findings": 10,
                "questions": 20
            }
        },
        "draft": {
            "generator": "vr.draft.v3",
            "status": "draft-generated",
            "researched": false,
            "archetype": "chemical substance or material",
            "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.",
            "facetsInferred": true,
            "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.",
            "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a ruby, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.",
            "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise ruby, assess its material state and evidential certainty, and decide whether it is suitable for a proposed examination, transformation or use.",
            "characteristics": {
                "substance": "material",
                "origin": "natural",
                "agency": "inert",
                "mobility": "varies"
            },
            "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [
                "observed and measured",
                "consumed or used up"
            ],
            "distinguishingFeatures": [
                "Described in 106 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is."
            ],
            "openQuestionsForResearch": [
                "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?",
                "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?",
                "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a ruby, and on what evidence are they told apart?"
            ],
            "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch",
            "physicalCharacter": [
                "Mobility varies between examples.",
                "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.",
                "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing."
            ],
            "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [
                "observe it, measure it, record its state",
                "use it up, and then need more of it"
            ],
            "howItIsRecognised": [
                "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay."
            ],
            "relatedModels": [],
            "standing": "Described in 106 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.",
            "structure": {
                "bundles": [
                    {
                        "id": "identity-and-classification",
                        "name": "Identity, naming and classification",
                        "description": "How an agent tells one ruby from another, and a ruby from things that resemble it.",
                        "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "naming-and-identifiers",
                                "name": "Names and identifiers",
                                "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases",
                                        "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names",
                                        "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "id": "stable-identifiers",
                                        "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys",
                                        "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "stable-identifiers-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "stable-identifiers-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "stable-identifiers-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "classification-and-granularity",
                                "name": "Classification and granularity",
                                "description": "Where a ruby sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "kind-and-parents",
                                        "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds",
                                        "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "kind-and-parents-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "kind-and-parents-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "kind-and-parents-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "id": "distinguishing-features",
                                        "name": "Distinguishing features",
                                        "description": "What separates a ruby from the things most often confused with it.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "distinguishing-features-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "distinguishing-features-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "distinguishing-features-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "form-and-composition",
                        "name": "Form, composition and condition",
                        "description": "What a ruby is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.",
                        "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "form-and-dimensions",
                                "name": "Form and dimensions",
                                "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "measurable-dimensions",
                                        "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units",
                                        "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "material-and-composition",
                                "name": "Material and composition",
                                "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "parts-and-materials",
                                        "name": "Parts and materials",
                                        "description": "What a ruby is built from and which parts are replaceable.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "parts-and-materials-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "parts-and-materials-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "parts-and-materials-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "condition-and-integrity",
                                "name": "Condition and integrity",
                                "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "condition-assessment",
                                        "name": "Condition, damage and health",
                                        "description": "How the condition of a ruby is judged and by whom.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "condition-assessment-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "condition-assessment-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "condition-assessment-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "place-and-movement",
                        "name": "Place and movement",
                        "description": "Where a ruby is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).",
                        "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "location-and-placement",
                                "name": "Location and placement",
                                "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "position-and-frame",
                                        "name": "Position, container and reference frame",
                                        "description": "Where a ruby is, and what that position is measured against.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "position-and-frame-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "position-and-frame-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "position-and-frame-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "movement-and-transfer",
                                "name": "Movement and transfer",
                                "description": "How a ruby is carried, installed or relocated.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "movement-events",
                                        "name": "Movement events and constraints",
                                        "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "movement-events-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "movement-events-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "movement-events-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "state-and-lifecycle",
                        "name": "State and lifecycle",
                        "description": "The states a ruby passes through and the events that move it between them.",
                        "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "lifecycle-stages",
                                "name": "Lifecycle stages",
                                "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "stages-and-transitions",
                                        "name": "Stages and transitions",
                                        "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a ruby between them.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "observations-and-status",
                                "name": "Observations and current status",
                                "description": "What is observed about a ruby, how often and by whom.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "observation-record",
                                        "name": "Observation record",
                                        "description": "How an observation of a ruby is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "observation-record-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "observation-record-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "observation-record-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "use-and-operation",
                        "name": "Use and operation",
                        "description": "What can be done with a ruby and what it takes to do it.",
                        "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "intended-use",
                                "name": "Intended use and function",
                                "description": "What a ruby is for, and what it is used for anyway.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "function-and-purpose",
                                        "name": "Function, purpose and misuse",
                                        "description": "The function a ruby performs and the uses that fall outside it.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "function-and-purpose-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "function-and-purpose-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "function-and-purpose-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "handling-and-procedure",
                                "name": "Handling and procedure",
                                "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a ruby.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "procedures-and-skills",
                                        "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools",
                                        "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a ruby at all.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes handling a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "supply-and-consumption",
                                "name": "Supply and consumption",
                                "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "consumption-and-stock",
                                        "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment",
                                        "description": "How much of a ruby there is and how fast it goes.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "composition-and-identity",
                        "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity",
                        "description": "What ruby is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.",
                        "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "chemical-identity",
                                "name": "Chemical identity",
                                "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "identity-record",
                                        "name": "Identity and registry numbers",
                                        "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "identity-record-q01",
                                                "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name ruby unambiguously?",
                                                "kind": "definition"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "identity-record-q02",
                                                "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?",
                                                "kind": "boundary"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "grade-and-impurities",
                                "name": "Grade, purity and impurities",
                                "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "specification",
                                        "name": "Specification and assay",
                                        "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "specification-q01",
                                                "text": "What grades of ruby exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?",
                                                "kind": "measurement"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "specification-q02",
                                                "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?",
                                                "kind": "action"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "properties-and-behaviour",
                        "name": "Properties and behaviour",
                        "description": "How ruby behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.",
                        "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "physical-constants",
                                "name": "Physical constants",
                                "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "constants-record",
                                        "name": "Constants and conditions",
                                        "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "constants-record-q01",
                                                "text": "What are the defining physical constants of ruby, in what units and under what conditions?",
                                                "kind": "measurement"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "constants-record-q02",
                                                "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?",
                                                "kind": "boundary"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "stability-and-reactivity",
                                "name": "Stability and reactivity",
                                "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "incompatibilities",
                                        "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation",
                                        "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "incompatibilities-q01",
                                                "text": "What is ruby incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?",
                                                "kind": "definition"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "incompatibilities-q02",
                                                "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?",
                                                "kind": "action"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "hazard-and-regulation",
                        "name": "Hazard classification and regulation",
                        "description": "How ruby can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.",
                        "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "hazard-class",
                                "name": "Hazard classification",
                                "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "classified-hazards",
                                        "name": "Classified hazards and limits",
                                        "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "classified-hazards-q01",
                                                "text": "How is ruby classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?",
                                                "kind": "definition"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "classified-hazards-q02",
                                                "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?",
                                                "kind": "action"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "regulatory-identity",
                                "name": "Regulatory identity and control",
                                "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "controls",
                                        "name": "Controls and jurisdiction",
                                        "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "controls-q01",
                                                "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover ruby, and where?",
                                                "kind": "provenance"
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "controls-q02",
                                                "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?",
                                                "kind": "boundary"
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "provenance-and-evidence",
                        "name": "Provenance, evidence and time",
                        "description": "Where every claim about a ruby came from and when it held.",
                        "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.",
                        "layers": [
                            {
                                "id": "source-and-authority",
                                "name": "Source and authority",
                                "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "claim-provenance",
                                        "name": "Claim provenance and confidence",
                                        "description": "The authority behind each claim about a ruby and how confident it is.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "claim-provenance-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "claim-provenance-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "claim-provenance-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            },
                            {
                                "id": "time-and-versions",
                                "name": "Time, versions and supersession",
                                "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.",
                                "findings": [
                                    {
                                        "id": "validity-and-supersession",
                                        "name": "Validity period and supersession",
                                        "description": "How an old claim about a ruby is retired without being erased.",
                                        "questions": [
                                            {
                                                "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01",
                                                "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a ruby, and in what units or vocabulary?",
                                                "kind": "definition",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "identifiers",
                                                    "types and classes",
                                                    "values with units",
                                                    "explicit unknowns"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02",
                                                "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a ruby, by which method, and when was it true?",
                                                "kind": "provenance",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "authority",
                                                    "method",
                                                    "evidence",
                                                    "event time",
                                                    "knowledge time"
                                                ]
                                            },
                                            {
                                                "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03",
                                                "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a ruby is known, and what must it refuse?",
                                                "kind": "action",
                                                "answer_data": [
                                                    "permitted actions",
                                                    "preconditions",
                                                    "refusals",
                                                    "escalation"
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        ]
                                    }
                                ]
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                ]
            },
            "statistics": {
                "bundles": 9,
                "layers": 20,
                "findings": 22,
                "questions": 60
            }
        }
    }
}