{ "model": { "rank": 2076, "code": "thing-q44311", "model_id": "vr.tr.jihad", "name": "jihad", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an activity described as jihad, assess its evidenced state and contested interpretation, and determine appropriate handling without treating religious attribution as authorization.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q44311/", "tier": 2, "score": 116, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Sexual Jihad", "Fula jihads", "Jihadism", "offensive jihad" ], "aliasCount": 4, "merged": 4, "knownIn": 116, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q44311", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44311", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:43:05Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00883728, "turns": 1, "seconds": 86.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 97, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b3c-473a-7622-bf1c-f264799c8e1d\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: jihad\nRegistry id: vr.tr.jihad\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy model" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q44311", "registryId": "vr.tr.jihad", "name": "jihad", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q44311/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.jihad", "name": "jihad", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an activity described as jihad, assess its evidenced state and contested interpretation, and determine appropriate handling without treating religious attribution as authorization.", "definition": "Jihad (Arabic: جهاد, jihād) is a normative Islamic legal-theological category meaning 'striving' or 'exertion in the path of God' (fī sabīl Allāh), covering both inward moral struggle and authorised armed force, whose licit forms, conditions, and authorities are specified in Qurʾān, ḥadīth, and the classical fiqh of war rather than by the modern English gloss 'holy war'.", "scope_statement": "For vr.tr.jihad in ACT / ACT.ACT, this model owns the interpretation, attribution, purpose, enactment and assessment of a bounded activity described as jihad; its operational boundary remains provisional because the registry records no definition.", "in_scope": [ "Activities explicitly described as jihad by participants, interpreters or external observers, with attribution preserved", "The religious purpose, intended transformation and form of striving claimed for an activity", "Differences between inward discipline, nonviolent outward activity and armed activity within the interpretation being recorded", "Tradition-specific claims about obligation, authority, conditions and limits", "Evidence of conduct, consequences and changes in the activity's state" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Islamic theology and jurisprudence as complete systems", "People, religious communities and organizations as independently modelled entities", "Wars, campaigns and individual violent incidents beyond their relationship to the jihad attribution", "Jihadist ideologies, recruitment networks and propaganda artifacts as separate things", "Generic self-improvement or political struggle without an evidenced jihad attribution", "Personal names, titles or incidental word occurrences that do not identify an activity" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require an attributable connection between a specific activity and the term jihad; a participant's Muslim identity alone does not establish that connection.", "Record the religious purpose claimed for the activity and distinguish it from an observer's generic translation as struggle.", "Establish the actual means used before classifying an activity as armed; the label alone does not demonstrate violence.", "Distinguish an activity described as jihad from an ideology called jihadism, an organization's name or a text discussing jihad.", "Separate evidence that someone calls an activity jihad from evidence that a specified religious authority accepts that classification." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Jihad attribution", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Activity linked to attributing speaker, exact expression, source and date", "why_it_matters": "Allows recognition without converting an external label into the participant's identity or intent." }, { "name": "Interpretive frame", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Named interpreter, tradition, text and historical context; unspecified or disputed where necessary", "why_it_matters": "Prevents one interpretation from becoming an unqualified definition for all cases." }, { "name": "Form of striving", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Inward discipline; nonviolent outward activity; armed activity; mixed; unresolved, with source terminology retained", "why_it_matters": "Selects relevant assessment questions without assuming that all cases share the same conduct." }, { "name": "Claimed religious purpose", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Source-described purpose, with multiple or disputed purposes allowed", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes the activity's stated religious aim from its observed effects." }, { "name": "Claimed obligation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Individual duty; collective duty; encouraged; other source-defined status; disputed; unspecified", "why_it_matters": "Identifies whose account of duty is being applied and to whom." }, { "name": "Authority and participation basis", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Participant linked to claimed authorizer, relevant ruling and participation conditions, where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of authority claims without requiring institutional authorization for every form." }, { "name": "Activity state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Proposed; declared; ongoing; paused; concluded; abandoned; unknown, each dated and evidenced", "why_it_matters": "Separates a declaration or retrospective account from an activity currently being performed." }, { "name": "Observed means", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Private practice; speech; teaching; service; material contribution; coercion; armed force; other; unknown; multiple allowed", "why_it_matters": "Grounds handling decisions in conduct rather than terminology." }, { "name": "Claim assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Supported; challenged; unresolved; not assessed, separately for attribution, conduct and normative claims", "why_it_matters": "Avoids treating a well-evidenced label as proof of legitimacy or successful outcomes." } ], "affordances": [ "Register a bounded activity and preserve competing jihad attributions with their sources.", "Compare interpretations without issuing a universal theological ruling.", "Select questions appropriate to inward, nonviolent outward, armed or mixed activity.", "Track changes in stated purpose, observed means, participation and cessation.", "Link relevant people, texts, rulings and conflict records without duplicating their models.", "Determine whether an agent may summarize, request evidence, support a benign activity or refer a consequential judgment for qualified review." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "quran-jihad-qital", "title": "The Qurʾān (esp. 2:190-193, 2:216, 4:74-76, 8:39, 9:5, 9:29, 22:39-40, 25:52, 29:69)", "url": "https://quran.com", "what_it_supports": "Primary scriptural uses of jihād and qitāl: permission to fight those who fight you, fighting in the path of God, striving with the Qurʾān, and striving as a general religious exertion.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wikidata-q177551", "title": "Jihad (Q177551)", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177551", "what_it_supports": "Stable identifier and interwiki links for the concept as catalogued by Wikidata.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "britannica-jihad", "title": "Jihad", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/jihad", "what_it_supports": "Standard encyclopedic distinction between greater (spiritual) and lesser (military) jihad, and the classical legal framing.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "sep-war", "title": "War (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/", "what_it_supports": "Places Islamic jihad-as-just-war discourse among comparative theories of organised political violence.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "oxford-islamic-studies-jihad", "title": "Jihad", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Reference treatment of jihad as a polyvalent legal and spiritual institution in Islamic studies, including farḍ ʿayn / farḍ kifāya and the role of public authority." }, { "id": "cook-understanding-jihad", "title": "Understanding Jihad", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Historical survey of how jihad was defined in classical law, later revivalist writing, and modern militant movements; useful for kinds and neighbours." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "meaning-and-attribution", "name": "Meaning and attribution", "description": "Establish what jihad means in this record and who applies that meaning to the activity.", "rationale": "Recognition must preserve interpretive differences and distinguish self-description from externally imposed classification.", "layers": [ { "id": "attributed-designation", "name": "Attributed designation", "description": "Connect the expression to an identifiable activity and speaker.", "findings": [ { "id": "jihad-designation-evidence", "name": "Jihad designation evidence", "description": "Record the exact wording, speaker, date and referent without silently upgrading a label into an accepted classification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who calls this activity jihad, in what words and in which accessible source?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "jihad-designation-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does the expression identify an enacted activity, a proposed duty, a quotation, a personal name or an organization?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "jihad-designation-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "interpretive-meaning", "name": "Interpretive meaning", "description": "Identify the sense of jihad used and the limits of that interpretation.", "findings": [ { "id": "source-specific-sense", "name": "Source-specific sense", "description": "Retain source-defined distinctions between forms of striving. One contemporary Muslim scholarly treatment discusses inward struggle and armed combat; use it as an attributed interpretation rather than a universal taxonomy: [Yaqeen Institute paper](https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/is-islam-a-conquest-ideology-on-jihad-war-peace).", "questions": [ { "text": "What does jihad denote in the cited interpretation, and which form is claimed here?", "kind": "definition", "id": "source-specific-sense-q01" }, { "text": "Which interpreter, tradition and historical setting support that reading?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "source-specific-sense-q02" }, { "text": "Which alternative readings are relevant to this activity, and where do they disagree?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "source-specific-sense-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "religious-purpose-and-striving", "name": "Religious purpose and striving", "description": "Record the activity's professed religious aim and the effort through which participants pursue it.", "rationale": "A model needs to distinguish the claimed purpose of striving from ordinary effort and from outcomes attributed after the event.", "layers": [ { "id": "professed-intention", "name": "Professed intention", "description": "Capture stated religious intention without claiming access to a person's inner sincerity.", "findings": [ { "id": "intention-and-religious-reference", "name": "Intention and religious reference", "description": "Record participants' accounts of striving in relation to God and any passages they invoke. Qur'an 22:78 provides a textual reference to striving for Allah, but its application to a particular activity requires separate evidence: [Qur'an 22:78](https://legacy.quran.com/22/78).", "questions": [ { "text": "What religious aim do participants explicitly state for this activity?", "kind": "definition", "id": "intention-and-religious-reference-q01" }, { "text": "Which testimony or text supports the recorded intention, and which motives are only attributed by observers?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "intention-and-religious-reference-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "object-of-striving", "name": "Object of striving", "description": "Identify the condition participants seek to change and how their practice addresses it.", "findings": [ { "id": "sought-transformation", "name": "Sought transformation", "description": "Specify whether the claimed effort concerns personal conduct, communication, service, a collective condition or armed opposition, using the source's own distinctions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What precisely is being resisted, cultivated, protected or changed according to participants?", "kind": "definition", "id": "sought-transformation-q01" }, { "text": "What observable change would support the claimed practical outcome without purporting to measure divine acceptance?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "sought-transformation-q02" }, { "text": "Where does this religiously framed activity begin and end relative to ordinary worship, service or political action?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "sought-transformation-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "obligation-and-authority", "name": "Obligation and authority", "description": "Represent attributed judgments about duty, standing and conditions for participation.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish a participant's claim of religious duty from a supported ruling and from permission to act.", "layers": [ { "id": "claimed-duty", "name": "Claimed duty", "description": "Determine whether and for whom an obligation is asserted.", "findings": [ { "id": "obligation-basis", "name": "Obligation basis", "description": "Record any classification as individual duty, collective duty or another normative status only within its cited interpretive frame.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this activity presented as obligatory, encouraged or otherwise classified, and by whom?", "kind": "definition", "id": "obligation-basis-q01" }, { "text": "What conditions, exemptions and participant qualifications does that source specify?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "obligation-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "authority-claims", "name": "Authority claims", "description": "Assess the provenance and applicability of claimed authorization.", "findings": [ { "id": "authorization-and-dispute", "name": "Authorization and dispute", "description": "Distinguish personal commitment, scholarly interpretation and political or command authority where the cited framework makes those distinctions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the cited framework require authorization for this form of jihad, and whose authorization is claimed?", "kind": "definition", "id": "authorization-and-dispute-q01" }, { "text": "What verifies the ruling's authorship, date and applicability to this activity?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "authorization-and-dispute-q02" }, { "text": "Which unresolved authority claims require qualified review before the agent relies on them?", "kind": "action", "id": "authorization-and-dispute-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "enactment-and-conduct", "name": "Enactment and conduct", "description": "Establish what people actually do under the jihad designation and which conduct-specific questions apply.", "rationale": "The religious label cannot substitute for evidence of practice, coercion or force.", "layers": [ { "id": "practice-and-participation", "name": "Practice and participation", "description": "Describe enacted effort and participants' roles without inferring affiliation from religion.", "findings": [ { "id": "observed-practice", "name": "Observed practice", "description": "Separate private discipline, expression, service, material support and direct force, recording mixed or changing practices when evidenced.", "questions": [ { "text": "What actions constitute this activity in practice, and which are only announced or alleged?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "observed-practice-q01" }, { "text": "Who performs each evidenced role, and what distinguishes participation from sympathy or external attribution?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "observed-practice-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "coercion-and-armed-activity", "name": "Coercion and armed activity", "description": "Apply additional scrutiny when conduct includes coercion or armed force.", "findings": [ { "id": "force-and-claimed-limits", "name": "Force and claimed limits", "description": "Record evidence of force separately from claims about its justification; preserve the relevant interpreter's stated limits and link independent legal assessments.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes coercion, threats or armed force rather than metaphorical language?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "force-and-claimed-limits-q01" }, { "text": "Which limits concerning affected people, agreements and cessation are asserted, and what evidence shows compliance or breach?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "force-and-claimed-limits-q02" }, { "text": "Which related conflict or incident model must supply conduct and legal findings before assistance is considered?", "kind": "action", "id": "force-and-claimed-limits-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-outcomes-and-agent-handling", "name": "State, outcomes and agent handling", "description": "Track the activity's development and determine what the evidence permits an agent to do.", "rationale": "Continuing religious commitment, current activity and permissible assistance require separate judgments.", "layers": [ { "id": "continuity-and-outcomes", "name": "Continuity and outcomes", "description": "Track activity state and practical consequences without certifying spiritual merit.", "findings": [ { "id": "activity-continuity", "name": "Activity continuity", "description": "Date the activity's commencement, changes and cessation while distinguishing a bounded episode from an ongoing personal commitment.", "questions": [ { "text": "What dated evidence shows that this jihad-described activity is proposed, ongoing, paused or concluded?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "activity-continuity-q01" }, { "text": "Does a change in means or purpose continue the same activity, create a new episode or invalidate the previous classification?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "activity-continuity-q02" } ] }, { "id": "claimed-and-observed-outcomes", "name": "Claimed and observed outcomes", "description": "Keep reported spiritual benefit, observable practical effects and consequences for others distinct.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which outcomes are participants' spiritual assessments, and which have independently observable evidence?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "claimed-and-observed-outcomes-q01" }, { "text": "What benefits, harms or dissent do affected people report, and where does their account differ from participants' claims?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "claimed-and-observed-outcomes-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-decision", "name": "Handling decision", "description": "Use attributed meaning and observed conduct to select an appropriate agent response.", "findings": [ { "id": "assistance-boundary", "name": "Assistance boundary", "description": "Assess the requested action separately from the jihad label, preserving uncertainty and avoiding unsupported judgments about religious legitimacy.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the agent being asked to explain a term, document an activity, support a benign practice or facilitate coercion or violence?", "kind": "action", "id": "assistance-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence or qualified review is needed before the agent can responsibly perform the requested action?", "kind": "action", "id": "assistance-boundary-q02" }, { "text": "How should competing interpretations be presented without implying that a religious claim establishes factual truth or permission?", "kind": "action", "id": "assistance-boundary-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Greater jihad (al-jihād al-akbar): inward struggle against the self (nafs) and toward piety, often distinguished in later Sufi and ethical literature from armed struggle", "Lesser / military jihad (al-jihād al-asghar or qitāl): authorised armed struggle, classically divided into defensive (dafʿ) and, in some schools, offensive (ṭalab) campaigns under a legitimate public authority", "Jihad of the tongue and pen (jihād al-lisān / al-qalam): public exhortation, preaching, and scholarly argument as forms of striving", "Jihad of the hand / civic striving: non-armed effort to command right and forbid wrong, including social and political action short of war", "Collective-duty jihad (farḍ kifāya): a communal obligation that lapses for individuals once a sufficient number discharge it, typical of classical offensive or expeditionary war", "Individual-duty jihad (farḍ ʿayn): an obligation on every capable person, typically when a Muslim polity or population is under direct attack", "Martyrdom operations / contemporary militant jihad: 20th-21st century armed campaigns and suicide attacks framed as jihad by non-state groups; contested in Islamic law and distinguished by most states as terrorism", "Spiritual / Sufi jihad: disciplined inner combat (mujāhada) against ego, desire, and heedlessness as the primary sense of jihad in many ṭarīqa traditions" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q177551", "note": "Item 'Jihad'; related items include Q1258553 (greater jihad) and various organisation-specific uses." }, { "scheme": "Library of Congress Subject Headings", "value_or_pattern": "Jihad", "note": "Authorized heading; narrower and related headings cover Jihad in the Qurʼan, Jihad (The Arabic word), and Islamic holy war literature." }, { "scheme": "Arabic lemma", "value_or_pattern": "جهاد (jihād), root j-h-d", "note": "Lexeme distinct from qitāl (fighting) and ḥarb (war); the verbal noun is the registry-relevant name." }, { "scheme": "Encyclopaedia of Islam", "value_or_pattern": "Djihād (EI2); Jihād (EI3)", "note": "Standard Islamic-studies lemma; spelling varies by edition." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Classical fiqh of siyar / jihad: Mālikī, Ḥanafī, Shāfiʿī, Ḥanbalī, and Imāmī Jaʿfarī manuals (e.g. Shaybānī's Kitāb al-Siyar; later mukhtaṣar literature) specify who may declare jihad, treatment of non-combatants, spoils, and truce (hudna).", "Qurʾān and ḥadīth as higher-order sources of Islamic law (uṣūl al-fiqh), not a single issued 'code'.", "Ottoman and other historical state practice: imperial declarations of jihad (e.g. 1914 Ottoman fatwa) as acts of public law, now of historical rather than binding force.", "UN Charter (1945), Arts. 2(4) and 51: contemporary interstate use of force and self-defence; jihad as a religious category does not create a separate lawful ground for force in public international law.", "Geneva Conventions (1949) and Additional Protocols: IHL applies to armed conflicts regardless of whether a party names the fighting jihad.", "UN Security Council resolutions on terrorism (notably 1373 (2001) and the ISIL/Al-Qaida sanctions regime): criminalise certain organised violence that perpetrators describe as jihad.", "Domestic counter-terrorism and penal statutes in many states (e.g. UK Terrorism Act 2000; US material-support offences; analogous codes in Muslim-majority states) that regulate recruitment, financing, and incitement framed as jihad.", "National fatwa councils and ministries of awqāf/religious affairs (Al-Azhar, Saudi Dār al-Iftāʾ, Indonesia MUI, etc.) issue non-uniform rulings on the licit scope of jihad." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "As a legal-theological term in mosque teaching, madrasa curricula, and fatwa literature, covering both personal piety and the ethics of war.", "As a name for historical state warfare: early Islamic futūḥ, Abbasid and Ottoman frontier campaigns, and anti-colonial jihads (e.g. ʿAbd al-Qādir in Algeria, the Mahdist state in Sudan, the Caucasian Imamate).", "As a mobilisation frame used by 20th-21st century non-state armed groups (Afghan mujahidin, al-Qaida, Islamic State, Boko Haram, and others) and, in some cases, by states (Iran-Iraq War rhetoric; 1990s Bosnian and Chechen conflicts).", "As a spiritual discipline in Sufi orders and popular devotion: mujāhada, night prayer, fasting, and moral self-accounting described as jihad.", "As a contested public word in journalism, security policy, and interfaith debate, often reduced to 'holy war' or conversely sanitised as 'only inner struggle'.", "As a cataloguing and research object in libraries, Wikidata, and conflict datasets that tag incidents, groups, or texts as 'jihadist'." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Not a physical object; no intrinsic SI quantity. Proxy measures used in research and policy include count of groups, fatalities, and legal opinions, not a 'size of jihad'." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Category error: treating jihad as a synonym of terrorism, or conversely as only inner struggle, both of which erase the classical legal range and distort policy and scholarship.", "Unauthorised declaration: private persons or groups claiming the right of the imam/sultan/state to open jihad, producing fitna (internal strife) in classical terms and unlawful armed conflict in modern law.", "Civilian targeting and suicide operations justified as jihad contrary to classical restrictions on non-combatants and to IHL.", "Takfīr-driven escalation: declaring other Muslims apostates so that violence against them can be labelled jihad.", "State instrumentalisation: rulers issuing jihad rhetoric to legitimise ordinary wars, conscription, or repression.", "Security overreach: broad 'jihadist' labels used to criminalise dissent, daʿwa, or humanitarian aid.", "Semantic capture: the Arabic word becoming unusable in ordinary religious speech because of political and media load." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Arabic-speaking scholarship keeps jihād distinct from qitāl (fighting) and ḥarb (war); English, French, and German public usage often collapse them into 'holy war' or 'jihadism'.", "South Asian and West African usage historically included jihad as state-formation and reform (e.g. Sokoto, Futa Toro) as well as anti-colonial revolt.", "Shīʿī doctrine classically reserves offensive jihad for the presence of the infallible Imam; defensive jihad remains available to qualified jurists or the state (e.g. Khomeini-era Iran).", "Southeast Asian official Islam (Indonesia, Malaysia) strongly emphasises non-violent and civic senses in public education, while local militant minorities use the military sense.", "Sufi-majority regions often treat mujāhada as the unmarked meaning; Salafi-jihadi milieus treat armed jihad as the unmarked meaning.", "Western legal and media discourse uses 'jihadist' as a typology of terrorism, which does not map onto Islamic legal classifications." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "qitāl (fighting) / ḥarb (war)", "difference": "Qitāl and ḥarb name the act or state of armed conflict; jihad names a religiously framed striving that may or may not include fighting and is defined by intention (fī sabīl Allāh) and legal conditions, not by the mere presence of combat." }, { "name": "holy war / crusade", "difference": "Crusade is a historically specific Latin-Christian institution (papal indulgence, vow, recovery of holy places). Jihad is not defined by pilgrimage to a shrine or by a pope-like office; using 'holy war' as a translation imports that structure." }, { "name": "just war (bellum iustum)", "difference": "Just-war theory is a Christian and later secular ius ad bellum / ius in bello framework. Classical jihad law overlaps on authority, cause, and non-combatant immunity but is an Islamic fiqh institution with its own categories (farḍ ʿayn/kifāya, dār al-islām/ḥarb, jizya, hudna)." }, { "name": "terrorism", "difference": "Terrorism is a legal-political label for violence aimed at civilians or intimidation, defined by domestic and international criminal law. Many acts called jihad by perpetrators are terrorism under that law; most classical and state-legal jihad is not, and most Muslim religious practice of jihad is not violence at all." }, { "name": "mujāhada (Sufi spiritual combat)", "difference": "Mujāhada is the inner disciplinary sense, often called 'greater jihad'. It is a neighbour when the same word is used; the test is whether the practice is armed and public-legal or ascetic and ethical." }, { "name": "amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-nahy ʿan al-munkar (commanding right and forbidding wrong)", "difference": "A general duty of moral correction that can be verbal or coercive; it is a possible modality of non-military jihad, not identical with jihad as a law of war." }, { "name": "ribāṭ / frontier garrisoning", "difference": "Ribāṭ is dwelling on the frontier in readiness; it can be a form or complement of jihad but is a distinct institution (place, posting, endowment)." }, { "name": "jihadism (ideological current)", "difference": "Jihadism is a modern political-science name for revolutionary Islamist armed doctrine (often Qutbist or Salafi-jihadi). It is one historically late use of jihad, not the classical or ordinary-language whole." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend jihad to cover activity instances, an ongoing religious practice, a doctrinal action category or all three, and does an existing world model already own that scope?", "Which historical, Sunni, Shia and other interpretive sources are needed to avoid building the model around one contemporary account?", "How should externally imposed or retrospective jihad labels be represented when participants reject them or their own descriptions are unavailable?", "Which source-specific distinctions among inward striving, nonviolent outward activity and armed activity are stable enough for shared categories, and which must remain local?", "What evidence and qualified interpretation are needed to assess obligation, authority and cessation in particular cases without implying universal religious agreement?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 35 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a jihad, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an activity described as jihad, assess its evidenced state and contested interpretation, and determine appropriate handling without treating religious attribution as authorization.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Sexual Jihad, Fula jihads, Jihadism, offensive jihad.", "4 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 116 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a jihad, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Sexual Jihad", "Fula jihads", "Jihadism", "offensive jihad" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 116 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 4 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one jihad from another, and a jihad from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a jihad sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a jihad from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a jihad passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a jihad between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a jihad, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a jihad is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a jihad proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a jihad, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a jihad and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a jihad consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a jihad takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What jihad is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of jihad are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is jihad operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of jihad and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of jihad?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as jihad?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a jihad came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a jihad and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a jihad is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a jihad, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a jihad, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a jihad is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }