{ "model": { "rank": 2873, "code": "thing-q45089", "model_id": "vr.tr.dice", "name": "dice", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise physical dice, assess whether their outcomes can be produced and read reliably, and decide how they may be used.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q45089/", "tier": 2, "score": 95, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Teetotum", "intransitive dice", "fuzzy dice", "sex dice", "loaded dice", "divination die", "hundred-sided die", "Zocchihedron", "ten-sided die", "six-sided die", "seven-sided die", "four-sided die", "twenty-four-sided die", "five-sided die", "twelve-sided die", "eight-sided die", "fourteen-sided die", "sixteen-sided die", "thirty-sided die", "three-sided die", "twenty-sided die", "long die", "tetrahedral die", "doubling cube" ], "aliasCount": 24, "merged": 24, "knownIn": 95, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q45089", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T13:20:55Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.04216596, "turns": 2, "seconds": 156.2, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 78, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c05-0c88-7600-ad4e-133236610d75\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: dice\nRegistry id: vr.tr.dice\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy model s" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q45089", "registryId": "vr.tr.dice", "name": "dice", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q45089/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.dice", "name": "dice", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise physical dice, assess whether their outcomes can be produced and read reliably, and decide how they may be used.", "definition": "A die is a small rigid polyhedron made to be thrown as a discrete randomizer: each face (or, on a tetrahedron, a designated vertex) carries a unique mark, and after the body comes to rest that mark is the outcome; fairness as a uniform generator requires isohedral geometry, matched face finishes, and even mass distribution.", "scope_statement": "This model owns physical dice, individually or as identified sets, including their outcome-bearing form, markings, roll behaviour, condition and suitability for a specified use.", "in_scope": [ "Individual dice and membership in sets whose dice must be distinguished or read together", "Physical form and the resting positions that may represent outcomes", "Face markings, symbols and mappings from observed positions to reported outcomes", "Dimensions, material, balance-related features and condition relevant to rolling", "Roll observations, readability and evidence about outcome frequencies", "Compatibility with a specified rolling method, surface and outcome-reading convention" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Game rules, turn sequences, scoring systems and player strategy", "Bets, stakes, payouts and gambling transactions", "Dice trays, cups, towers and playing surfaces as independently managed objects", "Software dice simulations and other nonphysical random-number generators", "Manufacturing equipment and production workflows", "Industrial cutting dies, stamping dies and semiconductor dies" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The object is intended to generate a discrete outcome by being rolled, tossed or tumbled and then read from its resting position.", "Its physical positions or markings support an identifiable outcome-reading convention; a decorative polyhedron without that function is not automatically a die.", "Outcome selection depends on the body's landing position rather than a pointer rotating against a separate scale, distinguishing it from a spinner.", "Numbers or pips alone are insufficient: a numbered counter placed deliberately to show a value serves a different role unless it also functions as a rolled outcome selector.", "Blank, damaged or altered dice can retain their identity as dice even when their present ability to yield a readable or suitable outcome is unresolved." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Die or set identity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Individual die identifier; set identifier; member role", "why_it_matters": "Keeps observations attached to the correct die and preserves distinctions when several dice contribute to one result." }, { "name": "Body form", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Observed geometric form; face count where applicable; irregular or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Supports recognition and identifies which resting positions require interpretation." }, { "name": "Outcome mapping", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Physical face or resting position to label, symbol or interpreted value; reading convention", "why_it_matters": "Separates what is physically displayed from what the result means, including repeated labels." }, { "name": "Dimensions and mass", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensions in mm; mass in g; measurement method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Helps select compatible rolling equipment and compare physical differences between dice." }, { "name": "Material and construction", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Observed or documented material; solid, hollow, composite or unknown; inserts or cavities if established", "why_it_matters": "Provides context for handling, wear and investigation of unusual rolling behaviour." }, { "name": "Marking readability", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Readable, conditionally readable, ambiguous or unreadable under recorded viewing conditions", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether an agent can report an outcome without guessing." }, { "name": "Physical condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Observed chips, cracks, deformation, edge wear, marking loss or contamination; location and severity", "why_it_matters": "Supports decisions to inspect, clean, restrict or retire a die." }, { "name": "Observed outcome frequencies", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Counts by physical outcome and interpreted result; trial count; rolling protocol", "why_it_matters": "Allows suitability claims to be evaluated against evidence without assuming equal probabilities." }, { "name": "Current roll status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Not rolled, moving, settled, cocked, obstructed, outside the permitted area or unreadable", "why_it_matters": "Separates a visible marking from a result that may be accepted under the applicable convention." }, { "name": "Use suitability", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Die or set to intended use, requirements, assessment and supporting evidence", "why_it_matters": "A die may be suitable for one task while lacking the required markings, readability or probability behaviour for another." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify and select dice with the outcome vocabulary required for a task.", "Roll or tumble a die using a recorded method and compatible surface.", "Read a settled position and translate it into an outcome under an explicit convention.", "Combine distinguishable dice into a composite result when a supplied convention defines their roles.", "Inspect markings and physical condition, then clean or remove a die from use as appropriate.", "Collect repeated-roll observations to assess a specified probability or suitability claim." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "sd-arsd-20-18-19-10", "title": "ARSD 20:18:19:10 Dice - physical characteristics", "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Rules/Administrative/20:18:19:10", "what_it_supports": "Regulated casino-cube size (0.750-0.775 in), cellulose transparency, square edges, equal-weight pip fill to 0.0004 in, opposite-face pairing 1-6 / 2-5 / 3-4, and serial-plus-licensee marking.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "nj-ac-13-69e-1-15", "title": "N.J. Admin. Code § 13:69E-1.15 Dice; physical characteristics", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/new-jersey/N-J-A-C-13-69E-1-15", "what_it_supports": "Same cube construction rules as South Dakota, plus a smaller pai gow size band of 0.637-0.643 in.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "slga-dice-2022", "title": "Dice Game Standards (June 2022)", "url": "https://www.slga.com/-/media/slga/files/permits-and-licences/integrity-standards/3455-dice-game-standards-june-2022.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Canadian provincial physical standards for casino dice: cube geometry, cellulose acetate, flush spots, serial and logo, and a ban on bull's-eye pips.", "url_status": "unverified" }, { "id": "lv-rj-casino-dice-2024", "title": "It's majestic: Casino dice is unlike other dice", "url": "https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/casinos-gaming/its-majestic-casino-dice-is-unlike-other-dice-3003144/", "what_it_supports": "How ¾-inch translucent serialized cubes are used on a craps table, why sharp edges and transparency exist (tamper detection, random tumble), and substitution/sliding as live cheating modes.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "dga-materials", "title": "Dice Materials and Construction: What Sets Quality Dice Apart", "url": "https://dicegameauthority.com/dice-materials-and-construction/", "what_it_supports": "Precision vs injection-moulded hobby construction; cellulose acetate casino cubes; typical plastic d6 mass 3-5 g vs zinc-alloy 20-30 g; Nevada Regulation 14 cited for ¾-inch cubes and ~0.0005 in edge variance.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "tcs-precision-dice", "title": "Precision Casino Dice (CIS 07.26 V1.1)", "url": "https://tcsjohnhuxley.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Precision_Casino_DiceCIS_07.26_V1.1.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Manufacturer sizes (¾ in and 0.775 in; pai gow 0.640 in and ⅝ in), razor vs ball-corner edges, sanded vs high-polish finish, and use in craps, sic bo and pai gow.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "dewiki-spielwuerfel", "title": "Spielwürfel", "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spielw%C3%BCrfel", "what_it_supports": "Which polyhedra are isohedral (fair in the geometric sense), and the Dungeons & Dragons seven-die set as the dominant non-cube trade assortment.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "howstuffworks-test-dice", "title": "How do they test casino dice?", "url": "https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/how-do-they-test-casino-dice.htm", "what_it_supports": "Pit inspection tools (micrometer, balancing caliper, set square, magnet) and the New Jersey equipment-control practice of locking dice until table open.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "dice-dragons-size", "title": "Dice Size Comparison of Different Dice", "url": "https://www.dicedragons.co.uk/blogs/dice-advice/dice-size-comparison", "what_it_supports": "Measured hobby-set size bands (d6 about 16-18 mm; d20 about 23-29 mm) and the seven-die RPG pack as sold.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "litko-tabletop-guide", "title": "What Dice Do You Need? 12mm vs 16mm, 40K, D&D & More", "url": "https://litko.net/pages/tabletop-dice-guide", "what_it_supports": "Practical split between 12 mm d6 for wargame handfuls and 16 mm cubes / seven-die polyhedral sets for role-playing games.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "die-identity-and-form", "name": "Die identity and form", "description": "Establishes what physical die is present and how its form supports outcome selection.", "rationale": "A polyhedral shape or numbered surface alone does not establish dice identity or explain how the object functions.", "layers": [ { "id": "recognition-and-role", "name": "Recognition and role", "description": "Distinguishes dice from similar objects and records individual or set roles.", "findings": [ { "id": "physical-outcome-selector", "name": "Physical outcome selector", "description": "Record the evidence that the object is intended to select outcomes through rolling or tumbling, including whether it currently serves another role.", "questions": [ { "text": "What establishes that this object is a die rather than a decorative solid, numbered counter or other marked object?", "kind": "definition", "id": "physical-outcome-selector-q01" }, { "text": "Is this an independently read die or a member of a set whose members have distinct roles?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "physical-outcome-selector-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "outcome-bearing-geometry", "name": "Outcome-bearing geometry", "description": "Records the body's relevant surfaces and resting positions without assuming that face count equals outcome count.", "findings": [ { "id": "form-and-resting-positions", "name": "Form and resting positions", "description": "Describe the observed geometry, dimensions and intended outcome-bearing positions, distinguishing these from exceptional landings.", "questions": [ { "text": "What body form, dimensions and physical surfaces can be observed or measured?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "form-and-resting-positions-q01" }, { "text": "Which resting positions are intended to yield outcomes, and which require a separate acceptance decision?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "form-and-resting-positions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "markings-and-outcome-meaning", "name": "Markings and outcome meaning", "description": "Connects physical markings and resting positions to reportable outcomes.", "rationale": "Dice can use different labels and reading conventions; an agent must not infer a value merely from the most visible mark.", "layers": [ { "id": "marking-inventory", "name": "Marking inventory", "description": "Records the actual outcome vocabulary and how markings are distributed.", "findings": [ { "id": "surface-to-label-map", "name": "Surface-to-label map", "description": "Record each relevant marking and its physical location, including blanks, repeated values and visually ambiguous symbols.", "questions": [ { "text": "What numbers, pips, symbols, colours or blank markings occur on each outcome-bearing surface?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "surface-to-label-map-q01" }, { "text": "Which markings repeat or require orientation cues to distinguish them?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "surface-to-label-map-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "result-interpretation", "name": "Result interpretation", "description": "Makes the reading convention explicit for individual dice and composite results.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-to-result-convention", "name": "Position-to-result convention", "description": "Record which physical feature is read and how its label becomes a result, with any set-level role assignment.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which face, vertex, edge or other feature determines the result when this die has settled?", "kind": "definition", "id": "position-to-result-convention-q01" }, { "text": "What instruction or agreed convention establishes label meanings and any ordering of dice in a composite result?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "position-to-result-convention-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "rolling-and-result-acceptance", "name": "Rolling and result acceptance", "description": "Describes how a roll is produced, observed and accepted for the intended use.", "rationale": "A settled die can still be obstructed, unreadable or outside the permitted area, so orientation alone cannot establish an accepted result.", "layers": [ { "id": "roll-production", "name": "Roll production", "description": "Records the method and surroundings relevant to interpreting a roll.", "findings": [ { "id": "rolling-method-and-context", "name": "Rolling method and context", "description": "Capture how the die is released and where it rolls, including equipment and interactions with other dice.", "questions": [ { "text": "What release method, rolling equipment, surface and containment are used?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "rolling-method-and-context-q01" }, { "text": "What rolling procedure is required for this use, and can this die be rolled that way with the available equipment?", "kind": "action", "id": "rolling-method-and-context-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "landing-assessment", "name": "Landing assessment", "description": "Separates observed landing state from the decision to accept or repeat a roll.", "findings": [ { "id": "readable-and-acceptable-landing", "name": "Readable and acceptable landing", "description": "Record whether the die has settled and can be read, then apply the supplied convention for exceptional landings.", "questions": [ { "text": "Has the die stopped moving, and is its result unambiguous from the available view?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "readable-and-acceptable-landing-q01" }, { "text": "Under the applicable convention, should a cocked, stacked, obstructed or out-of-area landing be accepted, inspected or rerolled?", "kind": "action", "id": "readable-and-acceptable-landing-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "physical-integrity-and-alteration", "name": "Physical integrity and alteration", "description": "Records construction, damage and alterations relevant to dice behaviour and interpretation.", "rationale": "Changes to edges, surfaces, markings or internal construction may affect the suitability of a die and require evidence-based inspection.", "layers": [ { "id": "construction-evidence", "name": "Construction evidence", "description": "Distinguishes documented or observed construction from assumptions about internal balance.", "findings": [ { "id": "material-and-balance-relevant-features", "name": "Material and balance-relevant features", "description": "Record material, mass and established structural features while leaving unexamined internal properties unresolved.", "questions": [ { "text": "What material, mass, cavities, inserts or other construction features are documented or directly observed?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "material-and-balance-relevant-features-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports any claim about internal weighting, symmetry or deliberate alteration?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "material-and-balance-relevant-features-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "wear-and-serviceability", "name": "Wear and serviceability", "description": "Assesses changes to the surfaces and markings that support rolling and reading.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-based-use-decision", "name": "Condition-based use decision", "description": "Locate damage, wear and contamination and connect observed defects to a handling or use decision.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are chips, cracks, deformation, edge wear, lost markings or adhered material present?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "condition-based-use-decision-q01" }, { "text": "Does the observed condition call for cleaning, further inspection, restricted use or removal from the intended use?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-based-use-decision-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "probability-evidence-and-use-fit", "name": "Probability evidence and use fit", "description": "Relates observed roll behaviour to explicit expectations and task requirements.", "rationale": "Suitability depends on the intended outcome distribution and use conditions; neither appearance nor a short sequence of rolls settles it.", "layers": [ { "id": "distribution-assessment", "name": "Distribution assessment", "description": "Records the expected distribution and the evidence available to assess it.", "findings": [ { "id": "expected-and-observed-outcomes", "name": "Expected and observed outcomes", "description": "Keep expected probabilities, physical-position counts and interpreted-result counts distinct, with trial conditions and uncertainty.", "questions": [ { "text": "What probability distribution is expected for this use, and does it apply to physical positions or interpreted results?", "kind": "definition", "id": "expected-and-observed-outcomes-q01" }, { "text": "What outcome counts, trial count and rolling protocol support the assessment, and what uncertainty remains?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "expected-and-observed-outcomes-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "task-specific-selection", "name": "Task-specific selection", "description": "Determines whether a die or set meets the requirements of a specified activity.", "findings": [ { "id": "requirements-to-dice-match", "name": "Requirements-to-dice match", "description": "Compare the required outcomes, reading conditions, set roles and probability expectations with the available dice and evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which required values, symbols, member distinctions or reading conditions does this die or set satisfy?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "requirements-to-dice-match-q01" }, { "text": "Can these dice be selected for the task now, or is replacement, clarification or further testing needed?", "kind": "action", "id": "requirements-to-dice-match-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Precision casino cubes (transparent cellulose acetate, razor-square edges, flush density-matched pips, serialized and logo-stamped)", "Non-precision board-game cubes (opaque plastic, rounded corners, recessed pips; the ordinary drugstore d6)", "Platonic polyhedral RPG dice (tetrahedral d4, octahedral d8, dodecahedral d12, icosahedral d20)", "Pentagonal trapezohedron d10 and the percentile (d%) pair used with it", "Metal or stone-cast hobby dice (typically zinc-alloy or brass, much heavier than plastic)", "Pai gow and related Asian-table cubes (same cube logic, smaller edge length, sometimes ball corners)", "Wargame mass-roll cubes (typically 12 mm d6, bought and thrown in large handfuls)", "Historic organic dice (bone, ivory, antler, stone), including four-sided knucklebones as the pre-cube form" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of dice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Casino serial and house mark", "value_or_pattern": "Unique serial number plus the casino's name, trade name or logo impressed on each licensed cube", "note": "A specimen identifier required by several gaming regulators so a player cannot swap in a gaffed die; not a global catalogue code." }, { "scheme": "Dice notation", "value_or_pattern": "dN or NdX (d6, 2d20, d%); German W-notation W6, W20", "note": "Names the face count and how many bodies are thrown, not an individual physical die." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of dice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "South Dakota Administrative Rule 20:18:19:10 - South Dakota Commission on Gaming", "New Jersey Administrative Code 13:69E-1.15 - New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement", "Nevada Gaming Control Board Regulation 14 (gaming equipment), as cited for ¾-inch precision cubes", "Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority, Dice Game Standards (June 2022)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of dice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Thrown in pairs against the pyramid bumper on a craps table from a matching serialized stick, usually of five cubes", "Rolled as one or two ordinary d6 in board and parlour games (Yahtzee, Monopoly and similar)", "Carried as a seven-die polyhedral set (d4, d6, d8, d10, d10 percentile, d12, d20) for tabletop role-playing", "Thrown in handfuls of 12 mm d6 in miniature wargames", "Used in sic bo and pai gow (and related Asian table games) as smaller or ball-corner cubes", "Inspected with micrometers, calipers, squares and magnets before a casino table opens, then cancelled or sold as souvenirs after wear", "Used to teach discrete uniform probability; historically also for divination from knucklebones" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of dice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Cube edge length", "typical_range": "Board-game d6 ~16 mm; wargame d6 ~12 mm; casino 19.05-19.69 mm (0.750-0.775 in); pai gow ~16.18-16.33 mm (0.637-0.643 in)", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Hobby polyhedron overall size (as sold)", "typical_range": "d4 ~16-27 mm; d8 ~24-30 mm; d10 ~21-27 mm; d12 ~18-21 mm; d20 ~23-29 mm (brand-dependent)", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Mass of a six-sided die", "typical_range": "Injection-moulded plastic ~3-5; zinc-alloy hobby ~20-30", "unit": "g" }, { "quantity": "Pip-fill depth match (regulated casino cubes)", "typical_range": "All spots the same depth within 0.0004", "unit": "in" }, { "quantity": "Face count in ordinary trade", "typical_range": "4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 20; casino play is almost always 6", "unit": "faces" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of dice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Loaded, floating or density-mismatched dice that bias a face", "Shaved, nicked or burr-edged cubes that catch felt and stop non-randomly", "Player substitution of a gaffed die for a house die; serial and logo marks exist to stop this", "Dice sliding or other controlled shots that prevent a free tumble", "Rounded-corner drugstore cubes and voided injection mouldings that are not geometrically fair", "Historic cellulose-nitrate cubes: violent flammability and acidic sticky decay", "Cellulose-acetate cubes that shrink and go brittle in heat, humidity or UV", "Razor edges that cut skin; small cubes as a choking hazard", "Magnetic gaffs, detectable with a pit magnet" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of dice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Western cubes almost always pair opposite faces to sum to 7 (1 opposite 6, 2 opposite 5, 3 opposite 4); cubes are further split into left- and right-handed chirality by whether 1-2-3 meet clockwise or counterclockwise", "Chinese and much East Asian pip dice paint the 1 and often the 4 red, and may enlarge the ace pip", "Craps precision cubes are a North American casino standard; sic bo and pai gow drive smaller and sometimes ball-corner cubes in Asian-game pits", "English-language rules write d6/d20; German usage writes W6/W20 (Würfel)", "12 mm vs 16 mm d6 is a wargame-versus-board-game size split in the hobby trade, independent of casino 19 mm cubes" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of dice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Spindown d20 (collectible-card life counter)", "difference": "Numbers run in sequence around the body for counting; an RPG d20 is numbered for a throw, typically with 20 opposite 1." }, { "name": "Teetotum or barrel die", "difference": "Spins about a fixed axis and falls on a side; a thrown polyhedral die tumbles freely until a face (or tetrahedron vertex) is up." }, { "name": "Astragalus / knucklebone", "difference": "A four-attitude irregular bone, not an isohedral manufactured polyhedron." }, { "name": "Coin", "difference": "A two-face flip, not a multi-face tumble to rest." }, { "name": "Digital die roller", "difference": "No physical body; fairness is a software RNG question, not geometry and mass." }, { "name": "Roulette ball and wheel", "difference": "A ball settling in a numbered pocket on a spinning wheel, not a polyhedron landing on one of its own faces." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of dice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend dice to include coin-like, rounded or other nonpolyhedral outcome selectors, and where should that boundary fall?", "Should a dice set have its own modelled identity when member roles or matched properties matter, or remain a grouping of individual dice?", "Which authoritative sources establish reading conventions for unusual forms, repeated labels and composite results?", "What probability-assessment methods and evidence thresholds are appropriate for each intended use, especially when the expected distribution is unequal?", "Which construction and condition criteria justify restricting a die's use, and which require direct testing rather than visual inference?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a dice, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise physical dice, assess whether their outcomes can be produced and read reliably, and decide how they may be used.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Teetotum, intransitive dice, fuzzy dice, sex dice, loaded dice, divination die, hundred-sided die, Zocchihedron, ten-sided die, six-sided die, seven-sided die, four-sided die.", "24 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 95 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a dice, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Teetotum", "intransitive dice", "fuzzy dice", "sex dice", "loaded dice", "divination die", "hundred-sided die", "Zocchihedron", "ten-sided die", "six-sided die", "seven-sided die", "four-sided die" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 95 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 24 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one dice from another, and a dice from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a dice sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a dice from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a dice is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a dice is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a dice is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a dice is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a dice is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a dice is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a dice passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a dice between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a dice, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a dice is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What dice is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does dice perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise dice, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How dice is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does dice have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does dice need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about dice is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about dice hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern dice, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a dice came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a dice and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a dice is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a dice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a dice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a dice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }