{ "model": { "rank": 6554, "code": "thing-q47566", "model_id": "vr.tr.united-states-presidential-election", "name": "United States presidential election", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a United States presidential election, assess its progress and evidentiary status, and identify appropriate next steps within the authority of the actors involved.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q47566/", "tier": 2, "score": 60, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 60, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q47566", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47566", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T22:59:39Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 24.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08864-f05e-73a3-a6d7-8e8eef5edd80\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: United States presidential election\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 188 things", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 68, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08864-f059-7053-bded-3dd35a39195e\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: United States presidential election\nRegistry id: vr.tr.united-states-presidential-election\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none r" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q47566", "registryId": "vr.tr.united-states-presidential-election", "name": "United States presidential election", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q47566/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.united-states-presidential-election", "name": "United States presidential election", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a United States presidential election, assess its progress and evidentiary status, and identify appropriate next steps within the authority of the actors involved.", "definition": "A United States presidential election is the constitutionally prescribed process held every four years in which states appoint electors, ordinarily through popular voting, to elect the president and vice president, with contingent election procedures in Congress when no candidate receives the required electoral majority.", "scope_statement": "This model owns an election-cycle instance of the United States process for selecting a president and vice president, connecting nomination, jurisdictional voting, elector selection, electoral voting, disputes and formal determination of the outcome.", "in_scope": [ "Election-cycle identity, contested presidential term and applicable procedural framework", "Presidential and vice-presidential tickets, nomination routes and jurisdiction-specific ballot access", "State and District of Columbia voting processes and their connections to elector selection", "Elector allocation, appointment, electoral voting and transmission of official records", "Result determination, certification, disputes, congressional counting and any contingent election", "Evidence provenance, procedural milestones and unresolved outcome uncertainty" ], "out_of_scope": [ "General models of elections, democracy and political representation", "Campaign organisations, fundraising operations and political advertising as independent activities", "Congressional, state and local contests occurring on the same ballots", "Presidential administration, policy implementation and routine exercise of executive power", "Succession arising from death, resignation or removal independently of election completion", "Voter-level political profiling and persuasion" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The instance concerns selection for a specified United States presidential term; a presidential primary alone is a component rather than the complete election.", "The model connects jurisdictional outcomes to electors and electoral votes rather than treating a nationwide popular-vote ranking as sufficient to determine the winner.", "The process must represent both presidential and vice-presidential selection, including situations in which their determinations follow different procedural paths.", "Results must be located within a distributed chain of jurisdictional administration and federal outcome determination rather than attributed to one nationwide election administrator.", "The instance can distinguish reported vote totals, projected winners, certified jurisdictional outcomes and the formally determined presidential outcome." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Election cycle and target term", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Election instance linked to cycle identifier and presidential term", "why_it_matters": "Separates recurring instances and prevents evidence from different cycles being combined." }, { "name": "Applicable procedural framework", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Constitutional, statutory and jurisdictional authorities with effective dates", "why_it_matters": "Supports historically accurate interpretation and avoids applying current procedures retrospectively." }, { "name": "Presidential and vice-presidential candidacies", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Candidates, ticket relationships, nomination routes and jurisdiction-specific eligibility states", "why_it_matters": "A national candidacy does not establish the same ballot status everywhere." }, { "name": "Jurisdictional progress", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Per jurisdiction: preparation, voting, counting, canvassing, certification or unresolved dispute", "why_it_matters": "Different jurisdictions can occupy different stages simultaneously." }, { "name": "Popular-vote totals", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Votes by candidate, jurisdiction, reporting stage and timestamp", "why_it_matters": "Makes preliminary, revised and certified totals distinguishable." }, { "name": "Elector selection and allocation rule", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Cycle-specific rule by jurisdiction, including relevant statewide or district components", "why_it_matters": "Determines how jurisdictional evidence connects to elector appointments." }, { "name": "Electoral-vote accounting", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Electoral votes by office and recipient, distinguishing projected, cast and counted totals", "why_it_matters": "Prevents anticipated electoral support from being represented as an accomplished official act." }, { "name": "Outcome determination state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Undetermined, projected, awaiting formal determination, formally determined or contingent process pending", "why_it_matters": "Communicates what is established and what remains procedurally unresolved." }, { "name": "Material disputes", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Challenges linked to forum, requested remedy, affected result, evidence and disposition", "why_it_matters": "Separates allegations from decisions and shows which uncertainties could affect the outcome." } ], "affordances": [ "Locate an election within its cycle and reconstruct the applicable sequence of milestones.", "Compare ticket eligibility and ballot access across jurisdictions.", "Trace a reported outcome through vote records, elector appointments and electoral-vote records.", "Calculate conditional electoral outcomes using explicit, cycle-specific allocation and counting assumptions.", "Identify unresolved disputes, missing evidence and the authorised actor responsible for the next procedural step.", "Explain why a projection, certification or formal determination supports a particular outcome claim." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "cycle-and-authority", "name": "Cycle and authority", "description": "Establishes which election is being modelled and which procedural authorities govern its stages.", "rationale": "Presidential election procedures and institutional responsibilities must be interpreted for a particular cycle.", "layers": [ { "id": "election-instance", "name": "Election instance", "description": "Identifies the target term and boundaries of the election process.", "findings": [ { "id": "cycle-boundaries", "name": "Cycle boundaries", "description": "Record the election identifier, target term and inclusion rules for precursor and completion events.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which presidential term does this election select officeholders for?", "kind": "definition", "id": "cycle-boundaries-q01" }, { "text": "Which nomination events and outcome-determination events belong to this instance?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cycle-boundaries-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "governing-authorities", "name": "Governing authorities", "description": "Connects procedural requirements to their authority, effective date and responsible actor.", "findings": [ { "id": "authority-and-deadlines", "name": "Authority and deadlines", "description": "Record the source and temporal applicability of each consequential rule, deadline and institutional responsibility.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which authoritative texts establish the rules applicable to this cycle and jurisdiction?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "authority-and-deadlines-q01" }, { "text": "Which actor may perform the next required act, and under which deadline or precondition?", "kind": "action", "id": "authority-and-deadlines-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "tickets-and-ballot-access", "name": "Tickets and ballot access", "description": "Represents the paths by which presidential and vice-presidential candidates become available choices.", "rationale": "Nomination, candidacy and ballot access are distinct states with consequences for jurisdictional participation.", "layers": [ { "id": "nomination-and-ticket-formation", "name": "Nomination and ticket formation", "description": "Connects candidates to nomination processes and ticket relationships.", "findings": [ { "id": "candidate-route", "name": "Candidate route", "description": "Record party, independent or other applicable routes and distinguish nomination contests from the presidential election outcome.", "questions": [ { "text": "Through which process did each candidate obtain or seek nomination?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "candidate-route-q01" }, { "text": "When did the presidential and vice-presidential ticket relationship become established or change?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "candidate-route-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "jurisdictional-choice-availability", "name": "Jurisdictional choice availability", "description": "Records which candidacies can receive recognised votes in each jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "ballot-and-write-in-status", "name": "Ballot and write-in status", "description": "Distinguish printed ballot access, recognised write-in status, pending challenges and exclusion.", "questions": [ { "text": "What ballot or write-in status does each ticket have in each jurisdiction at the relevant date?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "ballot-and-write-in-status-q01" }, { "text": "Which official record or decision establishes that status and any subsequent change?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "ballot-and-write-in-status-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "jurisdictional-voting-and-results", "name": "Jurisdictional voting and results", "description": "Models voting, counting and jurisdictional result production as linked but distinct activities.", "rationale": "A presidential outcome depends on distributed processes whose evidence and completion states differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "voting-administration", "name": "Voting administration", "description": "Captures the voting arrangements and material operational conditions of each jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "voting-window-and-access", "name": "Voting window and access", "description": "Record applicable voting methods, relevant deadlines and documented disruptions affecting participation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which voting methods and submission deadlines apply in this jurisdiction for this cycle?", "kind": "definition", "id": "voting-window-and-access-q01" }, { "text": "Which documented disruptions or authorised changes affected access to those methods?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "voting-window-and-access-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "counting-and-certification", "name": "Counting and certification", "description": "Tracks the production and revision of jurisdictional vote totals.", "findings": [ { "id": "result-version-and-completeness", "name": "Result version and completeness", "description": "Attach reporting stage, coverage, timestamp and certification status to every consequential total.", "questions": [ { "text": "What ballots, geographic units or unresolved categories are included in or missing from this total?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "result-version-and-completeness-q01" }, { "text": "Which official record establishes the current total and its preliminary, canvassed or certified status?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "result-version-and-completeness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "elector-selection-and-voting", "name": "Elector selection and voting", "description": "Connects jurisdictional selection mechanisms to appointed electors and the electoral votes they cast.", "rationale": "The elector stage is essential to distinguishing this election from a direct nationwide presidential vote.", "layers": [ { "id": "allocation-and-appointment", "name": "Allocation and appointment", "description": "Represents how each jurisdiction determines and documents its electors.", "findings": [ { "id": "jurisdiction-to-electors", "name": "Jurisdiction-to-electors relationship", "description": "Record the applicable allocation mechanism, elector entitlement and evidence of appointment.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does this jurisdiction's cycle-specific selection rule determine which electors are appointed?", "kind": "definition", "id": "jurisdiction-to-electors-q01" }, { "text": "Which official appointment record supports the identified electors and their number?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "jurisdiction-to-electors-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "electoral-vote-records", "name": "Electoral-vote records", "description": "Tracks electoral votes for each office and the official records transmitting them.", "findings": [ { "id": "cast-votes-and-deviations", "name": "Cast votes and deviations", "description": "Distinguish expected electoral support from recorded votes, including substitutions or departures requiring explanation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What votes were officially recorded for president and vice president, and how do they compare with expected votes?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cast-votes-and-deviations-q01" }, { "text": "Which records establish any elector replacement, attempted deviation or treatment of an irregular vote?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cast-votes-and-deviations-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "disputes-and-outcome-determination", "name": "Disputes and outcome determination", "description": "Represents challenges, remedies and the institutional acts that determine the election outcome.", "rationale": "An allegation, a recount, a judicial decision and a formal count have different evidentiary and procedural effects.", "layers": [ { "id": "challenges-and-remedies", "name": "Challenges and remedies", "description": "Connects disputes to specific results, competent forums and requested or granted relief.", "findings": [ { "id": "dispute-materiality", "name": "Dispute materiality", "description": "Record what is contested, the supporting evidence, procedural status and possible effect of the remedy.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which result or procedural act is challenged, and what evidence and disposition are available?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "dispute-materiality-q01" }, { "text": "Could the requested or granted remedy change elector selection or the determination of either office?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "dispute-materiality-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "formal-determination", "name": "Formal determination", "description": "Tracks congressional counting and any applicable contingent selection process.", "findings": [ { "id": "determination-path", "name": "Determination path", "description": "Record the applicable decision rule, accepted electoral-vote accounting and any trigger for a contingent process.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which authoritative proceeding and record establish the formally determined outcome for each office?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "determination-path-q01" }, { "text": "If the ordinary electoral determination is insufficient, which contingent procedure applies and what triggers it?", "kind": "action", "id": "determination-path-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "outcome-claims-and-agent-actions", "name": "Outcome claims and agent actions", "description": "Controls how an agent interprets evidence, communicates election status and identifies permissible next steps.", "rationale": "Election information combines projections, official records and unresolved procedures that must remain distinguishable.", "layers": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance", "description": "Connects each outcome claim to its issuer, evidence, timestamp and procedural meaning.", "findings": [ { "id": "projection-versus-official-act", "name": "Projection and official-act distinction", "description": "Represent media calls, candidate concessions and official determinations according to their different roles.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who issued this outcome claim, when, and on what evidence or official act?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "projection-versus-official-act-q01" }, { "text": "Does this claim express an estimate, an acknowledgement or an authoritative procedural determination?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "projection-versus-official-act-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-dependent-next-steps", "name": "State-dependent next steps", "description": "Relates unresolved election states to justified informational or procedural actions.", "findings": [ { "id": "action-preconditions", "name": "Action preconditions", "description": "Identify what an agent may report, calculate, request or refer given available evidence and its delegated role.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which missing record or pending institutional act would resolve the current uncertainty?", "kind": "action", "id": "action-preconditions-q01" }, { "text": "What authority and evidence must be established before the agent recommends or initiates the proposed next step?", "kind": "action", "id": "action-preconditions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the recurring election process, not a particular year's contest; no narrower sense was supplied.", "Legal references and state practices are recalled rather than researched; their current details require verification.", "Turnout comparisons require an explicit denominator, and the familiar 270-vote threshold assumes the usual full electoral count." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Regular presidential election involving an incumbent seeking reelection", "Open-seat presidential election with no incumbent president contesting the general election" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Election-year designation", "value_or_pattern": "YYYY United States presidential election", "note": "Conventional identification of an election instance, rather than a formal identifier standard." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "United States Constitution, Article II and Twelfth Amendment: elector appointment, electoral voting, and contingent elections.", "United States Constitution, Twentieth and Twenty-Second Amendments: presidential term transitions and limits on election to the presidency.", "United States Constitution, Twenty-Third Amendment: presidential electors for the District of Columbia.", "United States Congress, Title 3 of the United States Code, including amendments made by the Electoral Count Reform Act of 2022: electoral procedures and counting.", "State constitutions and election statutes, enacted by the respective states: ballot access, voting administration, canvassing, and certification, subject to federal constitutional and statutory requirements." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Selecting the president and vice president for a four-year term.", "Providing a recurring mechanism for electoral accountability and transfer of executive authority.", "Organizing national political competition through party nominations, campaigns, and state-level electoral contests." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Interval between regular presidential elections", "typical_range": "4", "unit": "years" }, { "quantity": "Electoral votes under the established 50-state and District of Columbia allocation", "typical_range": "538", "unit": "electoral votes" }, { "quantity": "Electoral majority when all 538 appointed electors are counted", "typical_range": "270-538", "unit": "electoral votes" }, { "quantity": "Candidate share of the popular vote within a specified jurisdiction", "typical_range": "0-100", "unit": "percent" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Disenfranchisement or unequal access arising from unlawful exclusion, administrative errors, or inaccessible voting arrangements.", "Ballot, tabulation, or certification errors that require correction, recounts, or litigation.", "Disinformation, intimidation, or interference affecting participation and confidence in the process.", "Disputes over elector appointment, certification, or counting that complicate the transfer of power.", "An electoral-vote winner can differ from the nationwide popular-vote leader, creating disputes about democratic representation without itself indicating procedural failure." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "States administer elections under differing registration, ballot-access, early-voting, mail-voting, recount, and certification rules.", "Most states allocate electors on a statewide winner-take-all basis; Maine and Nebraska use statewide and congressional-district results.", "The District of Columbia appoints electors under the Twenty-Third Amendment; United States territories do not appoint presidential electors." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Presidential primary or caucus", "difference": "Helps select a party's nominee or convention delegates; it does not elect the president." }, { "name": "Electoral College", "difference": "The constitutional mechanism and electors through which electoral votes are cast, rather than the entire election process." }, { "name": "United States congressional election", "difference": "Selects members of Congress rather than the president and vice president." }, { "name": "Contingent presidential election", "difference": "A fallback procedure in which the House chooses the president by state delegations when no presidential candidate receives an electoral majority." }, { "name": "Presidential succession", "difference": "Determines who assumes presidential powers or office following a vacancy or inability, rather than through the regular election." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of United States presidential election this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does an existing Vercy world model already own this concept, requiring a registry link rather than a separate publication?", "Should the model cover the full historical range of presidential elections, and which procedural variations require explicit cycle-specific branches?", "Where should the ownership boundary fall between this model and separate models for primaries, party conventions and campaign activity?", "What authoritative source set is sufficient to maintain jurisdictional ballot access, elector-selection rules and procedural deadlines for each cycle?", "How should disputed electoral records and separate presidential or vice-presidential contingent outcomes be represented without implying that contested interpretations are settled?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 7, "layers": 13, "findings": 21, "questions": 33 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a United States presidential election, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a United States presidential election, assess its progress and evidentiary status, and identify appropriate next steps within the authority of the actors involved.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a United States presidential election, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one United States presidential election from another, and a United States presidential election from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a United States presidential election sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a United States presidential election from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a United States presidential election passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a United States presidential election between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a United States presidential election, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a United States presidential election is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a United States presidential election proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a United States presidential election, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a United States presidential election and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a United States presidential election consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a United States presidential election takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What United States presidential election is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of United States presidential election are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is United States presidential election operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of United States presidential election and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of United States presidential election?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as United States presidential election?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a United States presidential election came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a United States presidential election and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a United States presidential election is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a United States presidential election, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a United States presidential election, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a United States presidential election is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }