{ "model": { "rank": 2460, "code": "thing-q47616", "model_id": "vr.tr.incandescent-light-bulb", "name": "incandescent light bulb", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an incandescent light bulb, assess its condition and suitability for an intended use, and determine whether it can be installed, operated, handled or replaced.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q47616/", "tier": 2, "score": 105, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "iron-hydrogen resistor", "tungsten lamp", "halogen lamp", "Nernst lamp", "blackout light bulb" ], "aliasCount": 5, "merged": 5, "knownIn": 105, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q47616", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47616", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T13:18:29Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.03898836, "turns": 3, "seconds": 131, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 71.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c03-345d-7a13-bd8e-908a46aba1ee\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: incandescent light bulb\nRegistry id: vr.tr.incandescent-light-bulb\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded in" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q47616", "registryId": "vr.tr.incandescent-light-bulb", "name": "incandescent light bulb", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q47616/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.incandescent-light-bulb", "name": "incandescent light bulb", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an incandescent light bulb, assess its condition and suitability for an intended use, and determine whether it can be installed, operated, handled or replaced.", "definition": "An incandescent light bulb is an electric lamp in which a resistive filament, almost always drawn tungsten in modern practice, is heated to incandescence by current inside a glass envelope that is evacuated or filled with inert or halogen-bearing gas so the filament does not oxidize.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the individual bulb as a replaceable light source, including its filament, sealed envelope, internal atmosphere, base, electrical requirements, light output, heat behaviour and service condition; it includes halogen incandescent variants unless registry boundaries establish otherwise.", "in_scope": [ "Filament-based light production and identification of incandescent variants", "Envelope, internal atmosphere, filament supports and base construction", "Rated electrical operation and compatibility requirements", "Light output, distribution, colour appearance and dimming behaviour", "Bulb condition, failure evidence, handling constraints and replacement suitability" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Luminaire housing, reflector design, ventilation and protective guards", "Socket construction, fixed wiring and circuit protection", "Dimmer or lighting controller internals", "Room illumination requirements and lighting installation design", "LED, fluorescent and discharge lamps that imitate incandescent bulb shapes", "Waste collection infrastructure and jurisdictional disposal rules" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Determine whether useful light comes from an electrically heated filament; a filament-shaped LED assembly does not satisfy this test.", "Distinguish thermal filament emission from a gas discharge or phosphor-based source using reliable product identification or construction evidence, rather than warm colour alone.", "Check for a sealed envelope enclosing a filament and its supports; envelope shape and screw-base appearance alone cannot establish incandescent identity.", "Treat a halogen capsule as a possible incandescent variant, including when it sits inside an outer bulb; establish the variant from product documentation or adequate construction evidence." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Incandescent variant", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "non-halogen incandescent | halogen incandescent | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "The variant affects envelope construction, handling requirements and operating constraints." }, { "name": "Rated supply", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "V, with documented AC/DC applicability", "why_it_matters": "A mechanically fitting bulb may still be electrically unsuitable." }, { "name": "Rated input power", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "W at the stated rated supply", "why_it_matters": "Power determines electrical demand and informs comparison with fixture limits." }, { "name": "Base designation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "documented base code, contact arrangement and keying", "why_it_matters": "The base controls mechanical seating and electrical contact compatibility." }, { "name": "Envelope dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mm for overall length, maximum diameter and relevant clearance dimensions", "why_it_matters": "A bulb must fit without contacting surrounding parts or violating specified clearances." }, { "name": "Envelope treatment", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "clear | frosted | coloured | reflective | other documented treatment | unknown", "why_it_matters": "Treatment affects visible filament glare, light distribution and application suitability." }, { "name": "Luminous flux", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "lm, with supply and measurement or rating conditions", "why_it_matters": "Electrical wattage alone does not establish delivered light output." }, { "name": "Colour appearance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "correlated colour temperature in K where applicable, with operating conditions", "why_it_matters": "Appearance can change with operating level and may determine replacement suitability." }, { "name": "Envelope and base integrity", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "intact | cracked | broken | loose base | damaged contacts | unassessed; multiple defects may coexist", "why_it_matters": "Physical defects can rule out installation or ordinary handling." }, { "name": "Filament condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "apparently intact | electrically continuous | open circuit | deformed | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Visual inspection and continuity evidence answer different questions about serviceability." }, { "name": "Thermal condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "energised | recently operated | measured temperature available | sufficiently cooled for specified handling | unknown", "why_it_matters": "Switching off does not establish that the bulb is ready to handle." }, { "name": "Intended fixture compatibility", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "target socket or luminaire, with matched requirements and unresolved constraints", "why_it_matters": "Installation suitability depends on electrical, dimensional, thermal and application compatibility together." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify an incandescent bulb and distinguish its construction variant from similar-looking replacement technologies.", "Compare its base, supply rating, dimensions and power against a proposed socket and luminaire.", "Select an operating or dimming setting supported by the bulb and connected equipment.", "Inspect filament, envelope and contacts to assess whether further testing or replacement is appropriate.", "Determine when and how the bulb may be removed or installed using its thermal condition and documented handling requirements.", "Choose a replacement that preserves the required light output, distribution and application constraints." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iev-845-27-011", "title": "IEV 845-27-011 incandescent lamp", "url": "https://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=845-27-011", "what_it_supports": "IEC International Electrotechnical Vocabulary definition and the IEV number used as an identifier.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wikipedia-incandescent", "title": "Incandescent light bulb", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb", "what_it_supports": "Construction, filament temperature, efficacy figures, gas fill, failure chemistry, shape codes, colour rendering, and phase-out context.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wikidata-q47616", "title": "incandescent light bulb (Q47616)", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47616", "what_it_supports": "Wikidata item, aliases, IEV cross-reference, and subclass relation to light bulb.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iec-60064", "title": "IEC 60064 Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes - Performance requirements", "url": "https://standards.globalspec.com/std/1183224/iec-60064", "what_it_supports": "GLS scope (wattage, voltage, A/PS shapes, caps B22d/E26/E27) and linkage to IEC 60432-1 safety and IEC 60630 outlines.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "ieee-spectrum-requiem", "title": "Requiem for the Incandescent Lightbulb", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/requiem-for-the-incandescent-lightbulb", "what_it_supports": "Drawn-tungsten filament history, inert-gas fill versus vacuum, and halogen as a later incandescent variant.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "gems-2016", "title": "Greenhouse and Energy Minimum Standards (Incandescent Lamps for General Lighting Services) Determination 2016", "url": "http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016L00659/Html/Text", "what_it_supports": "Legal definitions of incandescent, tungsten filament, and tungsten halogen lamps, and Australian product classes.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "federal-register-gsl-2024", "title": "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Lamps", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/04/19/2024-07831/energy-conservation-program-energy-conservation-standards-for-general-service-lamps", "what_it_supports": "U.S. DOE GSL/GSIL efficacy rules, the 45 lm/W backstop, and the 2028 amended standards.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "ec-light-sources", "title": "Light Sources", "url": "https://energy-efficient-products.ec.europa.eu/product-list/light-sources_en", "what_it_supports": "EU practice of treating GLS and halogen (HL) as distinct incandescent groups and typical efficacy bands.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "incandescent-identity", "name": "Incandescent identity", "description": "Establishes the light-producing mechanism and the construction variant of the bulb.", "rationale": "Shape, base and warm light are shared with other technologies and cannot establish identity.", "layers": [ { "id": "emission-mechanism", "name": "Emission mechanism", "description": "Separates a heated filament from visually similar light sources.", "findings": [ { "id": "heated-filament-evidence", "name": "Heated filament evidence", "description": "Records evidence that a current-heated filament produces the useful light, including limits imposed by an opaque envelope.", "questions": [ { "text": "What construction evidence or product documentation establishes that light is produced by an electrically heated filament?", "kind": "definition", "id": "heated-filament-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Could the visible filament-like elements instead be LED assemblies, and what evidence resolves that ambiguity?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "heated-filament-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "envelope-and-variant", "name": "Envelope and variant", "description": "Identifies conventional and halogen construction without guessing concealed materials.", "findings": [ { "id": "sealed-light-source-construction", "name": "Sealed light-source construction", "description": "Records the envelope or nested capsule arrangement and documented filament material and internal atmosphere.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the filament sit directly inside the outer envelope or inside a separate capsule?", "kind": "definition", "id": "sealed-light-source-construction-q01" }, { "text": "Which markings or manufacturer records establish the variant, filament material and internal atmosphere, and which remain unknown?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "sealed-light-source-construction-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "electrical-and-socket-fit", "name": "Electrical and socket fit", "description": "Captures the conditions under which the bulb can connect and operate as intended.", "rationale": "A matching base does not guarantee a suitable supply, power allowance or control arrangement.", "layers": [ { "id": "rated-electrical-operation", "name": "Rated electrical operation", "description": "Establishes supply and power requirements for the specific bulb.", "findings": [ { "id": "supply-and-load-match", "name": "Supply and load match", "description": "Relates the bulb's documented electrical ratings to the proposed supply and fixture allowance.", "questions": [ { "text": "What voltage and input power are marked or documented for this bulb, and what supply conditions qualify those ratings?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supply-and-load-match-q01" }, { "text": "Does the proposed supply and luminaire power allowance support operating this bulb?", "kind": "action", "id": "supply-and-load-match-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "base-and-control-interface", "name": "Base and control interface", "description": "Addresses contact fit and the equipment used to switch or dim the filament.", "findings": [ { "id": "installation-and-dimming-compatibility", "name": "Installation and dimming compatibility", "description": "Records the base and contact requirements separately from compatibility with a dimmer, transformer or other supply equipment.", "questions": [ { "text": "What base designation, contact arrangement and seating requirements must the target socket satisfy?", "kind": "definition", "id": "installation-and-dimming-compatibility-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports use with the proposed dimmer or supply equipment, including any minimum load or operating restrictions?", "kind": "action", "id": "installation-and-dimming-compatibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "light-output-and-appearance", "name": "Light output and appearance", "description": "Describes the useful light delivered by the filament and modified by the bulb envelope.", "rationale": "Replacing a bulb by wattage or shape alone can change brightness, glare, colour or beam behaviour.", "layers": [ { "id": "output-at-operating-level", "name": "Output at operating level", "description": "Relates brightness and colour appearance to stated operating conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "flux-and-colour-evidence", "name": "Flux and colour evidence", "description": "Keeps rated output distinct from observed output at a particular supply or dimming setting.", "questions": [ { "text": "What luminous flux and colour appearance are documented or measured, and at what supply or dimming level?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "flux-and-colour-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "At the intended operating level, does this bulb meet the required brightness and colour appearance?", "kind": "action", "id": "flux-and-colour-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "envelope-optics", "name": "Envelope optics", "description": "Captures how bulb shape, coatings and filament position affect emitted light.", "findings": [ { "id": "distribution-and-filament-visibility", "name": "Distribution and filament visibility", "description": "Records diffusion, coloration, integral reflection and filament visibility attributable to the bulb itself.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the envelope treatment and filament position affect filament visibility and light distribution?", "kind": "definition", "id": "distribution-and-filament-visibility-q01" }, { "text": "Which observed beam or glare properties belong to the bulb, and which are produced by the surrounding luminaire?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "distribution-and-filament-visibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "heat-and-envelope-constraints", "name": "Heat and envelope constraints", "description": "Captures thermal handling and installation conditions associated with the operating filament and its enclosure.", "rationale": "Electrical compatibility alone cannot establish safe handling or suitability for an enclosed or specialised fixture.", "layers": [ { "id": "thermal-handling", "name": "Thermal handling", "description": "Determines whether present temperature and supply state permit the intended handling action.", "findings": [ { "id": "handling-readiness", "name": "Handling readiness", "description": "Records recent operation, isolation evidence and the basis for judging the bulb sufficiently cool to handle.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes the bulb's present thermal condition following its most recent operation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "handling-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "What isolation, cooling and variant-specific handling steps are required before removing or installing it?", "kind": "action", "id": "handling-readiness-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "application-restrictions", "name": "Application restrictions", "description": "Captures documented limits for enclosure, orientation, exposure and protective shielding.", "findings": [ { "id": "permitted-operating-environment", "name": "Permitted operating environment", "description": "Records restrictions that belong to this bulb variant and compares them with the intended installation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What manufacturer instructions specify permitted orientation, enclosure, shielding or environmental exposure?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "permitted-operating-environment-q01" }, { "text": "Does the intended installation satisfy those restrictions, including any requirements for an exposed halogen capsule?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-operating-environment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-replacement", "name": "Condition and replacement", "description": "Assesses degradation and failure while preserving uncertainty about causes outside the bulb.", "rationale": "A dark bulb is not proof of a failed filament, and nominal service life does not establish an individual bulb's remaining life.", "layers": [ { "id": "failure-evidence", "name": "Failure evidence", "description": "Separates visible damage, filament continuity and observed lighting behaviour.", "findings": [ { "id": "bulb-serviceability", "name": "Bulb serviceability", "description": "Records cracks, blackening, filament disruption, loose components and contact damage without treating a single observation as a complete diagnosis.", "questions": [ { "text": "What envelope, filament, support, base or contact defects are visible, and what suitably isolated test evidence is available?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "bulb-serviceability-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence locate the fault in the bulb, or could the socket, supply or controller explain the observed failure?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "bulb-serviceability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "service-history-and-substitution", "name": "Service history and substitution", "description": "Supports replacement decisions using known use history and the requirements of the intended application.", "findings": [ { "id": "replacement-decision", "name": "Replacement decision", "description": "Distinguishes documented life ratings from individual service history and identifies requirements a replacement must preserve.", "questions": [ { "text": "What operating hours, switching history and unusual operating conditions are known, and how were they recorded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "replacement-decision-q01" }, { "text": "Which electrical, dimensional, optical and application requirements must a replacement satisfy before it can be accepted?", "kind": "action", "id": "replacement-decision-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "General lighting service (GLS) A/PS pear-shaped tungsten-filament lamps", "Tungsten-halogen lamps (mains-voltage and extra-low-voltage capsules)", "Reflector and directional lamps (R, BR, PAR, MR)", "Decorative and special-shape lamps (candelabra, globe, tubular)", "Rough-service, vibration-resistant, and appliance/oven lamps", "Automotive, traffic, and signal filament lamps", "Photographic, projection, and studio lamps (high filament temperature, short life)", "Infrared heat lamps" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of incandescent light bulb this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q47616", "note": "Item labelled incandescent light bulb / incandescent lamp." }, { "scheme": "IEC 60050 IEV", "value_or_pattern": "845-27-011", "note": "Term 'incandescent lamp'; numbered 845-07-04 in the 1987 edition." }, { "scheme": "ICS", "value_or_pattern": "29.140.20", "note": "Incandescent lamps." }, { "scheme": "HS / Harmonized System", "value_or_pattern": "8539.21 | 8539.22 | 8539.29", "note": "8539.21 tungsten-halogen; 8539.22 other filament lamps ≤200 W and >100 V; 8539.29 other filament lamps." }, { "scheme": "CPC / IPC", "value_or_pattern": "H01K", "note": "Electric incandescent lamps." }, { "scheme": "IEC 60061 cap designation", "value_or_pattern": "E12 | E14 | E26 | E27 | B15d | B22d | G4 | GU5.3 | GU10", "note": "Mechanical/electrical cap, not a unique product code." }, { "scheme": "IEC 60887 / ANSI C79.1 bulb shape", "value_or_pattern": "A19 | A60 | PS | PAR38 | R80 | MR16 | T | CA", "note": "Letter is shape, number is maximum diameter in eighths of an inch (ANSI) or millimetres (IEC)." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of incandescent light bulb this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "IEC 60050-845 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Lighting (IEC)", "IEC 60064 tungsten-filament GLS performance requirements (IEC)", "IEC 60432-1 incandescent lamp safety specifications, tungsten filament for domestic and similar use (IEC)", "IEC 60061 lamp caps and holders with gauges (IEC)", "IEC 60630 maximum lamp outlines for incandescent lamps (IEC)", "IEC 60887 / IEC TR 60887 glass bulb designation system for lamps (IEC)", "ANSI C79.1 nomenclature for glass bulbs intended for lamps (ANSI)", "Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and 10 CFR 430 (U.S. Congress / DOE): general-service lamps must meet at least 45 lm/W; a stricter GSL efficacy rule takes effect 25 July 2028", "EU ecodesign rules for light sources (European Commission): GLS phased out; halogen later restricted by successive stages", "Greenhouse and Energy Minimum Standards (Incandescent Lamps for General Lighting Services) Determination 2016 and AS/NZS 4934 (Australia)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of incandescent light bulb this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Still found in older household ceiling roses, table lamps, and ovens, though new GLS sales are blocked or restricted in the EU, United States, Australia, Canada and several other markets.", "Sold as 'vintage' or carbon-look decorative lamps in exposed fixtures where the filament itself is the visual object.", "Used where electronics fail: high-temperature appliance compartments, vibration-prone industrial fittings, and some extra-low-voltage halogen display lighting.", "Automotive stop, indicator, and some headlamp bulbs remain filament types in many vehicles.", "Photographic, projector, and studio lamps exploit a near-black-body spectrum and high filament temperature at the cost of short life.", "Quartz-halogen infrared lamps are used as heat sources (paint curing, space heating, incubators) rather than for illumination." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of incandescent light bulb this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "rated electrical power (GLS)", "typical_range": "25-200", "unit": "W" }, { "quantity": "luminous flux (household GLS)", "typical_range": "about 400-1700", "unit": "lm" }, { "quantity": "luminous efficacy", "typical_range": "10-18 GLS; 16-24 halogen", "unit": "lm/W" }, { "quantity": "rated average life (GLS in product standards)", "typical_range": "1000 (common rating; 750-2000 in trade)", "unit": "h" }, { "quantity": "filament temperature", "typical_range": "2000-3300", "unit": "K" }, { "quantity": "correlated colour temperature", "typical_range": "about 2700-3200", "unit": "K" }, { "quantity": "rated supply voltage", "typical_range": "12/24 (ELV); 100-130; 220-250", "unit": "V" }, { "quantity": "soft-glass GLS envelope surface temperature", "typical_range": "200-260", "unit": "°C" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of incandescent light bulb this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Normal end of life is tungsten evaporation until the filament necks and opens; evaporated metal blackens the envelope and cuts light output.", "A leak lets oxygen reach the hot filament; the wire burns away at once and deposits tungsten oxides/nitrides on the glass.", "Cold-filament inrush current is several times running current and can blow weak fuses or weld switch contacts.", "Overvoltage shortens life sharply (life scales steeply with voltage); undervoltage dimms and reddens the light.", "Mechanical shock or vibration breaks a hot, ductile-then-brittle coiled filament, the reason rough-service lamps exist.", "Envelope temperatures of 200 °C and above can ignite adjacent combustibles or overheat a luminaire not rated for the wattage.", "Bare quartz-halogen capsules emit ultraviolet if the outer envelope is missing or broken, and the inner capsule can rupture.", "Broken glass and hot fragments are a handling hazard at failure." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of incandescent light bulb this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Household voltage splits the product: 120 V A19/E26 lamps (North America) versus 230 V A60/E27 or B22d lamps (Europe, UK, Australia, much of Asia); the higher-voltage filament is thinner and slightly less efficacious.", "UK, Australia, New Zealand and India still use B22d bayonet caps alongside Edison screw; North America uses E26 medium screw as the default.", "Australian English commonly says 'light globe'; German 'Glühbirne'/'Glühlampe'; in parts of Central Europe older tungsten GLS lamps are still called Tungsram bulbs after the 1904 patent holders.", "Shape numbering differs: ANSI A19 is the same physical family as IEC A60 (diameter in eighths of an inch versus millimetres).", "Phase-out is not uniform: the EU, United States, Australia, Canada, Russia, Brazil and Argentina have efficacy floors that exclude ordinary GLS, while specialty, oven, rough-service, and some extra-low-voltage halogen types remain legal longer." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of incandescent light bulb this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "LED retrofit lamp", "difference": "Same cap and often the same A-shape, but light comes from a semiconductor package and driver, not a glowing filament; envelope stays relatively cool and efficacy is typically >80 lm/W versus ~10-18 lm/W." }, { "name": "compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)", "difference": "A mercury discharge tube with phosphor and a ballast in the cap; it has a warm-up delay and a line spectrum, not a continuous black-body filament spectrum." }, { "name": "tungsten-halogen lamp", "difference": "A subclass of incandescent, not a different physics: a halogen regenerative cycle in a compact high-temperature envelope. Separate it from GLS by the halogen fill, quartz or hard-glass capsule, and typically higher efficacy and envelope temperature." }, { "name": "high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp", "difference": "Light comes from an arc in a metal-vapour or metal-halide tube that needs a ballast; there is no continuous tungsten filament." }, { "name": "carbon-arc lamp", "difference": "An open or enclosed arc between carbon electrodes, historically used for large-area lighting; not a sealed, current-heated wire in a bulb." }, { "name": "Nernst lamp", "difference": "Incandescence of a ceramic globar in air, not a metal filament in vacuum or inert gas." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of incandescent light bulb this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend this entry to include all halogen incandescent lamps, miniature indicator bulbs and specialised infrared lamps, or are some owned by neighbouring entries?", "Which authoritative base and envelope designation references should agents use to resolve regional markings and visually similar fittings?", "What manufacturer evidence is available for variant-specific cooling, handling, shielding and enclosure requirements?", "Which inspection and isolated test procedures provide sufficient evidence for serviceability without overstating what visual inspection or continuity can establish?", "How should application-specific replacement requirements be obtained when the bulb markings, original packaging or luminaire instructions are missing?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a incandescent light bulb, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an incandescent light bulb, assess its condition and suitability for an intended use, and determine whether it can be installed, operated, handled or replaced.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: iron-hydrogen resistor, tungsten lamp, halogen lamp, Nernst lamp, blackout light bulb.", "5 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 105 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a incandescent light bulb, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "iron-hydrogen resistor", "tungsten lamp", "halogen lamp", "Nernst lamp", "blackout light bulb" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 105 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 5 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one incandescent light bulb from another, and a incandescent light bulb from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a incandescent light bulb sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a incandescent light bulb from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a incandescent light bulb is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a incandescent light bulb is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a incandescent light bulb is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a incandescent light bulb is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a incandescent light bulb is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a incandescent light bulb is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a incandescent light bulb passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a incandescent light bulb between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a incandescent light bulb, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a incandescent light bulb is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What incandescent light bulb is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does incandescent light bulb perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise incandescent light bulb, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How incandescent light bulb is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does incandescent light bulb have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does incandescent light bulb need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about incandescent light bulb is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about incandescent light bulb hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern incandescent light bulb, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a incandescent light bulb came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a incandescent light bulb and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a incandescent light bulb is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a incandescent light bulb, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a incandescent light bulb, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a incandescent light bulb is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }