{ "model": { "rank": 3901, "code": "thing-q483269", "model_id": "vr.tr.cast-iron", "name": "cast iron", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify cast iron by composition and microstructure, assess its material condition, and judge suitability for a proposed use, treatment, repair, or recovery route.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q483269/", "tier": 2, "score": 80, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Fer de Berlin", "gray iron", "osmond iron", "aluminium cast iron", "white cast iron", "ADI", "Compacted graphite iron", "meehanite", "lamellar graphite cast-iron", "ductile iron" ], "aliasCount": 10, "merged": 10, "knownIn": 80, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q483269", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483269", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T19:01:52Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 29.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0878b-2f93-7b83-8192-7910a2209337\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: cast iron\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 71.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0878b-2f8c-7dd1-a0f8-d047096d08b6\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: cast iron\nRegistry id: vr.tr.cast-iron\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nCont" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q483269", "registryId": "vr.tr.cast-iron", "name": "cast iron", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q483269/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cast-iron", "name": "cast iron", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify cast iron by composition and microstructure, assess its material condition, and judge suitability for a proposed use, treatment, repair, or recovery route.", "definition": "Cast iron is a family of iron-carbon alloys, usually also containing silicon, with carbon content generally above about 2% by mass, whose properties depend strongly on whether carbon occurs as graphite or carbides and on the surrounding metallic microstructure.", "scope_statement": "This model owns cast iron as a family of iron-carbon casting alloys, including grade, graphite or carbide structure, processing-dependent properties, degradation, and material-level constraints; it does not own the design or operation of products made from it.", "in_scope": [ "Alloy composition, grade designation, and evidence connecting a specimen or material lot to that grade", "Graphite morphology, carbide distribution, matrix structure, and relevant casting defects", "Mechanical, thermal, and corrosion behavior under stated conditions", "As-cast, heat-treated, machined, repaired, and service-degraded material states", "Material suitability for casting, machining, joining, inspection, reuse, and recycling" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Component geometry, load-path design, and complete product certification", "Foundry equipment, production scheduling, and detailed casting-process control", "Steel, wrought iron, and pig iron as separately identified material categories", "Cookware seasoning systems, food preparation, and appliance operation", "Standalone coatings, lubricants, and other materials applied to cast iron" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish alloy-family identity from composition and metallurgical evidence: being cast into a shape does not distinguish cast iron from cast steel.", "Distinguish gray, ductile, compacted-graphite, white, and malleable irons through graphite or carbide form together with processing history; these names are not interchangeable grades.", "Distinguish cast iron from wrought iron using carbon-bearing phases and matrix structure rather than surface appearance or the object's age.", "Distinguish a finished cast-iron material from pig-iron feedstock through its material specification, processing history, and intended role; similar bulk chemistry alone may not settle the boundary.", "Treat magnetic response, fracture appearance, and spark testing as supporting observations whose ability to establish a specific grade requires verification." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Alloy composition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass percent of carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and relevant alloying or residual elements; analytical method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Composition affects solidification, graphite formation, carbide formation, and achievable properties." }, { "name": "Cast-iron family and grade", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Gray, ductile, compacted-graphite, white, malleable, other specified family, or unresolved; grade designation with standard and edition", "why_it_matters": "The broad label cast iron is insufficient for predicting behavior or authorizing substitution." }, { "name": "Graphite morphology and distribution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Morphology classification, graphite size and distribution, nodularity percentage or particle count where applicable; method and sampling location", "why_it_matters": "Graphite form strongly influences strength, ductility, crack initiation, and thermal behavior." }, { "name": "Matrix and carbide structure", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Ferritic, pearlitic, ausferritic, martensitic, carbide-rich, mixed, or other verified structure", "why_it_matters": "Materials with similar graphite form can have different hardness, toughness, and machining behavior." }, { "name": "Processing and treatment state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "As-cast, annealed, normalized, quenched and tempered, austempered, stress-relieved, locally chilled, repaired, other documented state, or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Processing history determines whether published grade properties plausibly describe the material being assessed." }, { "name": "Mechanical test results", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Strength in MPa, elongation in percent, hardness on a named scale, and toughness or fatigue results with test method, temperature, specimen origin, and orientation", "why_it_matters": "Acceptance must rely on applicable evidence rather than a generic assumption that all cast iron behaves alike." }, { "name": "Thermal response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Thermal conductivity in W/(m·K), expansion coefficient in 1/K, heat capacity in J/(kg·K), and solidification or melting interval in °C; conditions stated", "why_it_matters": "Heat transfer, dimensional change, and thermal cycling constrain service and processing." }, { "name": "Defect and degradation condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Cracks, porosity, shrinkage, inclusions, wear, corrosion, graphitic corrosion, or no relevant indication detected; extent and inspection coverage", "why_it_matters": "Local damage or metal loss can invalidate suitability even when nominal grade is acceptable." }, { "name": "Evidence traceability", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links among heat or lot, specimen, component location, certificate, test report, treatment record, and inspection record", "why_it_matters": "An agent must know whether evidence describes the actual material, a representative coupon, or only a nominal grade." }, { "name": "Exposure-relevant physical form", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Solid casting, chips, fines, dust, molten material, or process-generated fume; associated composition and contamination", "why_it_matters": "Handling and exposure controls depend on physical form and processing, not solely on the alloy name." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a specimen or lot provisionally and identify the tests needed to resolve its cast-iron family or grade.", "Compare verified material properties with a proposed mechanical, thermal, wear, or corrosion requirement.", "Select inspection and sampling approaches that account for graphite structure, casting section, and likely defects.", "Assess candidate machining, heat-treatment, and joining routes against the identified grade and material condition.", "Determine whether repair, continued service, reuse, or segregation for recycling requires additional evidence." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "alloy-identity-and-evidence", "name": "Alloy identity and evidence", "description": "Establish what cast iron is present and how confidently its identity is known.", "rationale": "Cast iron covers materially different alloy families, and a product label or casting method cannot establish grade.", "layers": [ { "id": "composition-and-family-boundary", "name": "Composition and family boundary", "description": "Connect measured chemistry with the applicable cast-iron classification.", "findings": [ { "id": "composition-supported-identity", "name": "Composition-supported identity", "description": "Record chemistry and classification evidence without imposing an unverified universal carbon cutoff.", "questions": [ { "text": "What measured composition and metallurgical criteria support identifying this material as cast iron rather than cast steel, wrought iron, or feedstock pig iron?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "composition-supported-identity-q01" }, { "text": "Which analytical method, sampling location, and uncertainty accompany the carbon, silicon, alloying-element, and residual-element results?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-supported-identity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-lot-traceability", "name": "Grade and lot traceability", "description": "Link grade claims and property evidence to the material being assessed.", "findings": [ { "id": "grade-claim-applicability", "name": "Grade claim applicability", "description": "Separate a verified grade assignment from an approximate trade name or inferred equivalent.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which specification, edition, designation, and certificate establish the claimed grade?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "grade-claim-applicability-q01" }, { "text": "Do the chemistry and test reports refer to this heat, this casting, an attached coupon, or a separately cast specimen?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "grade-claim-applicability-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "graphite-matrix-and-solidification", "name": "Graphite, matrix, and solidification", "description": "Describe the internal structure that differentiates cast-iron families and local material behavior.", "rationale": "Bulk composition alone cannot establish graphite form, matrix condition, or section-dependent casting structure.", "layers": [ { "id": "graphite-and-carbide-form", "name": "Graphite and carbide form", "description": "Identify the form and distribution of carbon-bearing constituents.", "findings": [ { "id": "carbon-phase-identification", "name": "Carbon-phase identification", "description": "Capture observed graphite morphology and carbide presence using an explicit examination method.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does metallography show flakes, spheroids, compacted graphite, temper-carbon aggregates, substantial carbides, or a mixed structure?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "carbon-phase-identification-q01" }, { "text": "Which sampling locations and classification method support the reported graphite size, distribution, nodularity, or carbide fraction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "carbon-phase-identification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "matrix-and-section-variation", "name": "Matrix and section variation", "description": "Relate matrix structure and local variation to solidification and treatment history.", "findings": [ { "id": "local-structure-representativeness", "name": "Local structure representativeness", "description": "Determine whether inspected sections represent the regions relevant to the proposed use.", "questions": [ { "text": "What matrix constituents, chilled regions, or segregation occur at surfaces, thin sections, and heavier sections?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "local-structure-representativeness-q01" }, { "text": "What cooling, inoculation, graphite-modification, or heat-treatment records help explain the observed structure?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "local-structure-representativeness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "service-property-envelope", "name": "Service property envelope", "description": "Connect measured cast-iron properties to the conditions under which they support a use decision.", "rationale": "Strength, ductility, wear resistance, damping, and thermal response vary across grades and material states.", "layers": [ { "id": "mechanical-and-contact-response", "name": "Mechanical and contact response", "description": "Assess resistance to applied loads, repeated loading, impact, and contact damage.", "findings": [ { "id": "mechanical-evidence-for-use", "name": "Mechanical evidence for use", "description": "Match material test evidence to the relevant failure modes rather than relying on hardness alone.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which tensile, compressive, elongation, fatigue, impact, or fracture measurements address the intended loading conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "mechanical-evidence-for-use-q01" }, { "text": "For sliding or abrasive contact, what counterface, lubrication, contact pressure, and test conditions support the wear assessment?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "mechanical-evidence-for-use-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-and-environmental-response", "name": "Thermal and environmental response", "description": "Assess temperature-dependent behavior and interaction with the service environment.", "findings": [ { "id": "environment-specific-suitability", "name": "Environment-specific suitability", "description": "Define the evidence needed for exposure to heat, thermal cycling, and corrosive media.", "questions": [ { "text": "What temperature-dependent conductivity, expansion, strength, and thermal-cycling evidence applies to this grade and condition?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "environment-specific-suitability-q01" }, { "text": "Which fluid chemistry, moisture, temperature, flow, and galvanic contacts define the corrosion assessment?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "environment-specific-suitability-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "integrity-and-material-transformation", "name": "Integrity and material transformation", "description": "Assess defects, service damage, and the consequences of machining, heat treatment, or repair.", "rationale": "Cast-iron structure affects both defect detection and the likelihood that an intervention creates cracks or undesirable local structures.", "layers": [ { "id": "defects-and-degradation", "name": "Defects and degradation", "description": "Characterize integrity loss and the limits of inspection evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "remaining-sound-material", "name": "Remaining sound material", "description": "Distinguish external appearance from evidence of structurally effective material.", "questions": [ { "text": "What inspection establishes the location and extent of cracks, shrinkage, porosity, inclusions, wear, or graphitic corrosion?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "remaining-sound-material-q01" }, { "text": "How do graphite structure, surface condition, and casting geometry limit the selected inspection method and its coverage?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "remaining-sound-material-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "machining-treatment-and-joining", "name": "Machining, treatment, and joining", "description": "Evaluate proposed transformations against the identified alloy and its current condition.", "findings": [ { "id": "intervention-compatibility", "name": "Intervention compatibility", "description": "Record the evidence and acceptance criteria needed before changing the material state.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do graphite form, carbide content, hardness, residual stress, and contamination constrain the proposed machining or joining route?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-compatibility-q01" }, { "text": "What qualified procedure and post-intervention inspection or testing would establish acceptable structure, cracking risk, and properties after repair or heat treatment?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-compatibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-material-recovery", "name": "Handling and material recovery", "description": "Track the material-specific information needed for handling, reuse, and remelting.", "rationale": "A solid casting, machining dust, and alloyed scrap require different evidence even when all originate from cast iron.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-specific-exposure", "name": "Form-specific exposure", "description": "Identify hazards using actual physical form, alloy constituents, and associated substances.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-hazard-identity", "name": "Applicable hazard identity", "description": "Avoid assigning a single chemical identifier or hazard classification to the entire cast-iron family.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which supplier safety information and jurisdictional classification apply to this composition and physical form?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-hazard-identity-q01" }, { "text": "Which alloy constituents, coatings, residues, or process-generated dusts and fumes require exposure assessment for the proposed operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "applicable-hazard-identity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reuse-and-remelting", "name": "Reuse and remelting", "description": "Separate evidence for retaining material in service from evidence for accepting it as furnace feedstock.", "findings": [ { "id": "recovery-route-eligibility", "name": "Recovery route eligibility", "description": "Determine what identity, condition, and contamination evidence supports a recovery route.", "questions": [ { "text": "What grade traceability and integrity evidence are needed to reuse this material in the proposed application?", "kind": "action", "id": "recovery-route-eligibility-q01" }, { "text": "Which alloying elements, residuals, mixed scrap, or surface contamination constrain segregation and acceptance for the intended remelt?", "kind": "action", "id": "recovery-route-eligibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This is recalled knowledge without source verification; check standard editions, scope and grade requirements before specification or procurement.", "Composition and density ranges describe common grades, not defining limits; alloyed and special-purpose irons can fall outside them.", "Cast iron is an alloy family without one universal chemical identifier, melting point, strength or hazard classification; establish grade, microstructure, product form and exposure conditions first." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Grey cast iron", "White cast iron", "Ductile or spheroidal graphite cast iron", "Malleable cast iron", "Compacted graphite cast iron" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "ASTM material specification and grade", "value_or_pattern": "ASTM A48 Class 30; ASTM A536 65-45-12", "note": "Examples identify grey and ductile iron grades respectively; they are material designations, not chemical substance identifiers." }, { "scheme": "European cast iron designation", "value_or_pattern": "EN-GJL-250; EN-GJS-400-15", "note": "Examples designate flake graphite and spheroidal graphite cast irons respectively, with numerical mechanical-property requirements." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "ASTM International ASTM A48/A48M: grey iron castings.", "ASTM International ASTM A536: ductile iron castings.", "ASTM International ASTM A47/A47M: ferritic malleable iron castings.", "International Organization for Standardization ISO 185: classification of grey cast irons.", "International Organization for Standardization ISO 1083: classification of spheroidal graphite cast irons." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Engine blocks and cylinder heads.", "Machine tool beds and equipment housings, particularly where vibration damping is useful.", "Ductile iron water pipes and fittings.", "Brake discs and drums.", "Cookware, including skillets and cooking pots." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Carbon mass fraction in common grades", "typical_range": "2-4", "unit": "%" }, { "quantity": "Silicon mass fraction in common grades", "typical_range": "1-3", "unit": "%" }, { "quantity": "Density of common grades near room temperature", "typical_range": "6.9-7.4", "unit": "g/cm³" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Brittle fracture under tension or impact is especially significant in grey and white irons; ductile and malleable irons have different toughness and ductility.", "Casting porosity, shrinkage cavities and inclusions can reduce load capacity and initiate fatigue cracks.", "Thermal shock and constrained thermal expansion can cause cracking.", "Corrosion can cause section loss; graphitic corrosion can leave a weak graphite-rich residue in susceptible irons.", "Foundry and finishing operations can expose workers to molten metal, metal dust and fumes, and respirable crystalline silica from silica-containing moulding materials." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "North American procurement commonly uses ASTM specifications; European procurement commonly uses EN designations. Matching grade labels alone does not establish equivalence.", "Both 'gray iron' and 'grey iron' are used; 'ductile iron', 'nodular iron' and 'spheroidal graphite iron' refer to the same broad variety." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Steel", "difference": "Steel generally has less than about 2% carbon by mass; the boundary is conventional and needs qualification for some alloy systems." }, { "name": "Cast steel", "difference": "Cast steel is steel shaped by casting; casting a ferrous alloy does not by itself make it cast iron." }, { "name": "Wrought iron", "difference": "Wrought iron has very low carbon and characteristic slag inclusions, unlike the carbon-rich microstructures of cast iron." }, { "name": "Pig iron", "difference": "Pig iron is a high-carbon ironmaking product commonly used as melting feedstock; it is not synonymous with a finished cast iron grade." }, { "name": "Cast iron cookware", "difference": "Cookware is a product made from cast iron; its geometry, coatings and service requirements are additional to the material definition." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of cast iron this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative definitions and composition boundaries should govern the cast-iron family, including highly alloyed exceptions and its boundary with cast steel?", "Which grade standards and editions should anchor classification, and where do apparent cross-standard equivalents require additional evidence?", "Which sampling and metallographic methods best establish representative graphite, matrix, and defect conditions across different casting sections?", "Which validated property datasets cover the intended grades, heat treatments, section sizes, temperatures, and corrosion environments?", "Which chemical identifiers, safety classifications, exposure limits, and recovery requirements apply to particular cast-iron compositions and physical forms in the relevant jurisdictions?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 29 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a cast iron, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify cast iron by composition and microstructure, assess its material condition, and judge suitability for a proposed use, treatment, repair, or recovery route.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Fer de Berlin, gray iron, osmond iron, aluminium cast iron, white cast iron, ADI, Compacted graphite iron, meehanite, lamellar graphite cast-iron, ductile iron.", "10 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 80 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a cast iron, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Fer de Berlin", "gray iron", "osmond iron", "aluminium cast iron", "white cast iron", "ADI", "Compacted graphite iron", "meehanite", "lamellar graphite cast-iron", "ductile iron" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 80 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 10 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one cast iron from another, and a cast iron from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a cast iron sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a cast iron from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a cast iron is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a cast iron is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a cast iron is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a cast iron is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a cast iron is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a cast iron is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a cast iron passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a cast iron between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a cast iron, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a cast iron is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a cast iron and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a cast iron is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a cast iron performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a cast iron.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a cast iron at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a cast iron there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What cast iron is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name cast iron unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of cast iron exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How cast iron behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of cast iron, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is cast iron incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How cast iron can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is cast iron classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover cast iron, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a cast iron came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a cast iron and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a cast iron is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a cast iron, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a cast iron, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a cast iron is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }