paradox
Let an agent explain what a paradox is and its main kinds, relay classic examples and their proposed resolutions from logic, philosophy and science sources with attribution, describe the role of paradoxes in the growth of theories, and distinguish paradoxes from contradictions, fallacies, dilemmas and mere surprises.
Bundle → Layer → Finding → Questions Filled
4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions
Understand What a paradox is.
Definition
Definition.
Definition
Definition.
- What is a paradox, and how does it differ from a contradiction, a fallacy and a dilemma? definition
- Is the question about the concept, a kind or a specific paradox? boundary
Kinds
Kinds.
Kinds
Kinds.
- What are veridical, falsidical and antinomic paradoxes in Quine s scheme, and what are the main families? definition
- Which entry fits the specific paradox? action
Logic Logic and philosophy.
Semantic
Semantic and set paradoxes.
Semantic
Semantic.
- What are the liar, Russell s and the material implication paradoxes, and how are they addressed, with positions attributed? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Motion
Motion and infinity.
Motion
Motion.
- What are Zeno s paradoxes and paradoxes of infinity, and what resolutions are proposed? provenance
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Science Science and mathematics.
Physics
Physical paradoxes.
Physics
Physics.
- What are temporal paradoxes, causal loops and the hydrodynamic paradox, and how does physics treat them? provenance
- Which entry fits time travel in physics? action
Mathematics
Mathematical paradoxes.
Mathematics
Mathematics.
- What are apportionment paradoxes, the elevator paradox and probability paradoxes? provenance
- Which entry fits apportionment paradox? action
Context Role and culture.
Role
Role in inquiry.
Role
Role.
- How have paradoxes driven revisions in logic, mathematics and physics, with cases attributed? provenance
- Which entry fits philosophy of logic? action
Culture
Culture.
Culture
Culture.
- How are paradoxes used in literature, rhetoric and fiction? provenance
- Which entry fits paradox in literature? action
Classifiers Filled
- Family
- Thing Registry
- Category
- Information and virtual systems
- Entry kind
- thing
- Plane
- INF
- Domain
- INF.MED
- Other names and narrower kinds
- temporal paradox, causal loop, elevator paradox, hydrodynamic paradox, apportionment paradox, paradoxes of material implication, naïve set theory's paradox, pragmatic paradox, physical paradox, world upside down, liar paradox, paradox of tolerance
What it is Filled
A statement or situation that seems self-contradictory or absurd yet may be true, or that leads from acceptable premises by acceptable reasoning to an unacceptable conclusion, studied in logic and philosophy through cases such as the liar paradox, the paradoxes of material implication and Zeno s paradoxes, in physics through temporal paradoxes and causal loops and the hydrodynamic paradox, in mathematics through apportionment paradoxes in seat allocation, and in everyday life through curiosities such as the elevator paradox; paradoxes expose hidden assumptions and drive revisions of theories.
Why it exists Filled
Let an agent explain what a paradox is and its main kinds, relay classic examples and their proposed resolutions from logic, philosophy and science sources with attribution, describe the role of paradoxes in the growth of theories, and distinguish paradoxes from contradictions, fallacies, dilemmas and mere surprises.
Distinguishing features Filled
- Apparent contradiction
- Hidden assumption
- Many domains
- Theory-revising
What robots and AI may and may not do Filled
Must not
- Present a contradiction or fallacy as a paradox.
- Claim an unresolved paradox has been solved.
- Use a paradox to argue for a false conclusion without flagging it.
- Merge paradoxes from logic, physics and mathematics as if one kind.
Only with a human decision
- Using paradoxical reasoning in decisions that affect people, such as policy arguments.
May
- Explain classic paradoxes such as the liar and Zeno's paradoxes.
- State whether and how each paradox has been resolved or remains open.
Moral aspects Filled
- Paradoxes can be used rhetorically to confuse and mislead.
- Learners deserve clear distinctions between puzzles, errors and open problems.
Who is affected
- Learners
- Readers
- Researchers
Owners Filled
Steward
Nobody: a concept held in common.
Links to other meta-models Filled
parent
- Q108268872 - registry parent class
- Q474328 - registry parent class
related
- incongruence - in registry terms
- declarative sentence - in registry terms, when stated
- contradiction - which is simply false
- liar paradox - a semantic paradox
What else AI and robots need to interact with it Filled
Identity and identifiers required Filled
- Vercy registry: vr.tr.paradox
- Wikidata: Q483372 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483372)
Direct properties not applicable Not applicable
- Quine s classification: veridical, falsidical, antinomy list
- Zeno s paradoxes: 5th century BCE period
- Alabama paradox: 1880 year - apportionment
Plane INF: no invented physical properties.
Recognition optional Filled
- Seemingly self-contradictory statement or situation
- Liar paradox, material implication paradoxes, temporal paradox, causal loop, elevator paradox, hydrodynamic paradox, apportionment paradox
- A contradiction is simply false; a fallacy is bad reasoning; a dilemma is a hard choice
- Not a visible object; a statement or scenario.
Capabilities and actions required Filled
- explain the concept and kinds
- relay classic examples
- describe resolutions and their role
- distinguish related concepts
Hazards and failure modes required Filled
- Confusing paradoxes with contradictions or fallacies
- Treating unresolved paradoxes as resolved
- Registry aliases mixing logic, physics and mathematics
Standards and interfaces required Filled
- No regulation
Context of use required Filled
- Not applicable; a logical and rhetorical concept.
- logical and semantic paradoxes such as the liar and Russell s paradox
- paradoxes of material implication
- paradoxes of motion and infinity
- temporal paradoxes and causal loops in physics and fiction
- physical paradoxes such as the hydrodynamic paradox
- mathematical and voting paradoxes such as apportionment paradoxes
- everyday and probabilistic curiosities such as the elevator paradox
Sources Filled
- Wikidata item Q483372: paradox - identity and sense of the item
- Wikipedia: Paradox - general description of the item
Open questions
- Should logical paradox, temporal paradox and apportionment paradox be separate primary entries?
- How should philosophical sources be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming specific paradoxes from unrelated fields; should they be split off?
Machine files
Provenance
thing registry research (pass 2) · unreviewed
Built from: models/things/publications/thing-q483372/spec.json