{ "model": { "rank": 3350, "code": "thing-q484152", "model_id": "vr.tr.oxidation-number", "name": "oxidation number", "purpose": "Let an agent explain how to assign oxidation numbers, use them in redox and nomenclature, and point to IUPAC definitions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QTY", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q484152/", "tier": 2, "score": 87, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 87, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.oxidation-number", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q484152", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484152", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T13:47:58Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q484152", "registryId": "vr.tr.oxidation-number", "name": "oxidation number", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QTY" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q484152/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.oxidation-number", "name": "oxidation number", "purpose": "Let an agent explain how to assign oxidation numbers, use them in redox and nomenclature, and point to IUPAC definitions.", "definition": "The hypothetical charge an atom would have if all its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic, also called oxidation state, assigned by rules such as oxygen usually being -2 and hydrogen +1; oxidation numbers track electron transfer in redox reactions and appear in names such as iron(III) oxide.", "what_it_is_for": "Chemistry education, redox chemistry and naming compounds.", "affordances": [ "assign oxidation numbers in a compound", "identify oxidation and reduction in a reaction", "balance redox equations", "use Stock notation in names" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Hypothetical ionic charge", "Assigned by rules", "Tracks electron transfer", "Used in nomenclature" ], "appearance": "Not physical; written as signed numbers or Roman numerals in names.", "visual_identification": [ "Numbers such as +2 or -1 above symbols", "Roman numerals in names like iron(III)", "Formal charge is a different bookkeeping concept" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "positive and negative oxidation states", "zero oxidation state of elements", "fractional average oxidation states", "Stock notation" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "dimensionless quantity", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is used in", "target": "redox reaction", "why": "application" }, { "relation": "is defined by", "target": "IUPAC", "why": "authority" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "formal charge", "why": "related concept" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "IUPAC recommendations on oxidation state" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Misapplying rules to peroxides or metal hydrides", "Confusing oxidation state with real charge" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "assign", "name": "Assign", "description": "Rules.", "rationale": "Rules must be applied in order.", "layers": [ { "id": "rules", "name": "Rules", "description": "Assignment rules.", "findings": [ { "id": "rules-finding", "name": "Rules", "description": "Assignment rules.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the oxidation numbers of each atom in this compound?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which rule takes priority?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "exceptions", "name": "Exceptions", "description": "Special cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "exceptions-finding", "name": "Exceptions", "description": "Special cases.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are peroxides, superoxides and metal hydrides handled?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "When do fractional values appear?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "redox", "name": "Redox", "description": "Reactions.", "rationale": "Changes show redox.", "layers": [ { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Oxidised or reduced.", "findings": [ { "id": "identify-finding", "name": "Identify", "description": "Oxidation and reduction.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which species is oxidised and which is reduced in this reaction?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How do oxidation numbers change?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "balance", "name": "Balance", "description": "Balancing.", "findings": [ { "id": "balance-finding", "name": "Balance", "description": "Balancing redox equations.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can this redox equation be balanced using oxidation numbers or half-equations?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Is the medium acidic or basic?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "naming", "name": "Naming", "description": "Nomenclature.", "rationale": "Names encode oxidation states.", "layers": [ { "id": "stock", "name": "Stock", "description": "Stock notation.", "findings": [ { "id": "stock-finding", "name": "Stock", "description": "Stock notation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is this compound named using Stock notation?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which older names exist?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "iupac", "name": "IUPAC", "description": "Definitions.", "findings": [ { "id": "iupac-finding", "name": "IUPAC", "description": "IUPAC definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does IUPAC define oxidation state?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How does it treat ambiguous cases?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Teaching.", "rationale": "Practice builds skill.", "layers": [ { "id": "examples", "name": "Examples", "description": "Worked examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "examples-finding", "name": "Examples", "description": "Worked examples.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can a step-by-step worked example be given?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which misconceptions are common?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "tools", "name": "Tools", "description": "Checking answers.", "findings": [ { "id": "tools-finding", "name": "Tools", "description": "Checking.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can the answer be checked, such as by summing to the overall charge?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which references help?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should special cases be separate entries?", "How should IUPAC definitions be linked?", "How should teaching examples be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "unit, quantity or measure", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a oxidation number, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain how to assign oxidation numbers, use them in redox and nomenclature, and point to IUPAC definitions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 87 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a oxidation number, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see: a unit is a convention. What is seen is an instrument reading in it." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 87 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one oxidation number from another, and a oxidation number from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a oxidation number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a oxidation number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a oxidation number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a oxidation number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a oxidation number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a oxidation number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a oxidation number sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a oxidation number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a oxidation number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a oxidation number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a oxidation number from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a oxidation number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a oxidation number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a oxidation number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a oxidation number passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a oxidation number between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a oxidation number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a oxidation number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a oxidation number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a oxidation number, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a oxidation number is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a oxidation number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a oxidation number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a oxidation number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definition-and-realisation", "name": "Definition, dimension and realisation", "description": "What oxidation number is defined as and how it is realised in practice.", "rationale": "A unit is not the quantity it measures, and its definition has a history that older data still depends on.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition and dimension", "description": "The defining relation and the quantity it measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-record", "name": "Definition, body and date", "description": "What defines it now, and what defined it before.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-record-q01", "text": "How is oxidation number defined, by which body, and since when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-record-q02", "text": "What was the previous definition, and what data still depends on it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion", "name": "Conversion and compatibility", "description": "Relations to other units, exact or approximate.", "findings": [ { "id": "conversion-record", "name": "Conversions and their exactness", "description": "Factors, and whether each is exact by definition.", "questions": [ { "id": "conversion-record-q01", "text": "What conversions relate oxidation number to other units, and which are exact by definition?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "conversion-record-q02", "text": "Where does rounding a conversion change a decision, and how should that be recorded?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a oxidation number came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a oxidation number and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a oxidation number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a oxidation number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a oxidation number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a oxidation number is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a oxidation number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a oxidation number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a oxidation number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 10, "questions": 28 } } } }