{ "model": { "rank": 5857, "code": "thing-q485277", "model_id": "vr.tr.l-histidine", "name": "L-histidine", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to identify L-histidine, assess the condition and suitability of a material containing it, and determine which handling or use actions are supported by evidence.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q485277/", "tier": 2, "score": 64, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 64, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q485277", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485277", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:44:45Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01492022, "turns": 1, "seconds": 198.4, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 89.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b3c-fbe2-70e3-b185-6076a83a40d8\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: L-histidine\nRegistry id: vr.tr.l-histidine\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q485277", "registryId": "vr.tr.l-histidine", "name": "L-histidine", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q485277/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.l-histidine", "name": "L-histidine", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to identify L-histidine, assess the condition and suitability of a material containing it, and determine which handling or use actions are supported by evidence.", "definition": "L-histidine is the genetically encoded S-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid whose side-chain imidazole (pKa ≈ 6) supplies proteins with pH-dependent acid-base catalysis and metal coordination, and which humans must obtain from the diet as the precursor of histamine, carnosine and urocanate.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identity, material forms, measured composition, chemical state and use readiness of L-histidine under registry entry vr.tr.l-histidine in PHY / PHY.MAT, with explicit links to salts, mixtures, biological systems and transformation products.", "in_scope": [ "Identification of free L-histidine and verification of its stereochemistry", "L-histidine content and impurities in identified material lots or samples", "Solid, dissolved and protonation states under recorded conditions", "Relationships to salt forms, hydrates and metal-associated species", "Evidence supporting storage, preparation and suitability for a specified use" ], "out_of_scope": [ "D-histidine and DL-histidine as independently identified substances", "Histamine and other covalent transformation products", "Histidine residues within peptides, proteins and affinity tags", "Complete formulations, culture media and finished supplements", "Organism-level histidine metabolism, nutritional requirements and clinical treatment", "Manufacturing equipment and laboratory procedures as independently managed things" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Match molecular connectivity to the histidine alpha-amino-acid structure with an imidazole side chain; formula C6H9N3O2 alone does not establish identity. [PubChem L-Histidine](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/L-Histidine)", "Establish the L configuration, corresponding to the 2S stereocentre, using stereospecific evidence; an achiral identity assay cannot distinguish the D enantiomer. [PubChem L-Histidine](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/L-Histidine)", "Check counterions and water content before treating a supplied histidine salt or hydrate as the parent material for mass calculations.", "Resolve free L-histidine from peptide-bound histidine and covalently modified derivatives; a result obtained after hydrolysis does not establish the original free fraction.", "Verify the amino-acid carboxyl group and overall connectivity when excluding histamine or other imidazole-containing compounds." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identity evidence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Sample linked to reference structure, reference material, method and identification result", "why_it_matters": "A histidine label or identifier alone does not demonstrate that the sampled material is L-histidine." }, { "name": "Enantiomeric composition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "L and D mole fractions or enantiomeric excess in %, with method and quantitation limits", "why_it_matters": "Separates stereochemical purity from total histidine assay." }, { "name": "Supplied chemical form", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Parent L-histidine; identified salt or hydrate; mixture; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Controls identity boundaries and conversion between supplied mass and L-histidine amount." }, { "name": "L-histidine assay", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass or mg/g, specifying as-is, dry or parent-equivalent basis", "why_it_matters": "Supports preparation calculations without confusing assay basis, water content and counterion mass." }, { "name": "Water content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass, with analytical method", "why_it_matters": "Affects mass-based preparation and interpretation of a claimed hydrate or dry-basis assay." }, { "name": "Physical presentation", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Solid; fully dissolved; partially dissolved; suspension; precipitated; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether sampling and transfer can deliver a representative amount." }, { "name": "Solution environment", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked solvent composition, pH, temperature in °C and ionic composition", "why_it_matters": "Makes observations of protonation, dissolution and buffering interpretable." }, { "name": "Dissolved L-histidine concentration", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mol/L or g/L, with volume temperature and chemical-form basis", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes the dissolved amount from material merely added to a preparation." }, { "name": "Protonation assignment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Assigned ionic species or distribution; measured, calculated or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of acid-base behaviour without changing the underlying L-histidine identity." }, { "name": "Impurity profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Analyte-specific mg/kg, mol%, or relevant biological count, with detection limits", "why_it_matters": "Makes suitability depend on impurities relevant to the intended application." }, { "name": "Use disposition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Unassessed; accepted for named use; restricted; quarantined; rejected", "why_it_matters": "Prevents an analytical-grade or high-assay material from being assumed suitable for every application." } ], "affordances": [ "Compare identity and chiral-analysis evidence with the L-histidine reference identity.", "Calculate a preparation quantity from assay, water content and supplied-form composition.", "Assess whether a specified solvent, concentration and pH support the intended dissolved state.", "Evaluate measured buffering or metal-association behaviour for a named formulation.", "Assign a lot to a specified use, quarantine it or request further testing against documented criteria.", "Track dissolution, pH adjustment and covalent transformation while preserving links between starting material and resulting species." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "pubchem-6274", "title": "PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6274, L-Histidine", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6274", "what_it_supports": "CAS, UNII, InChIKey, molecular formula/mass, and the free-base identity of L-histidine", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "chebi-15971", "title": "ChEBI: L-histidine (CHEBI:15971)", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:15971", "what_it_supports": "ChEBI identifier, stereochemical definition, and links to the generic histidine class versus the L-enantiomer", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "who-trs-935", "title": "Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/43411", "what_it_supports": "Adult essentiality, the 10 mg/kg/day requirement, and the 15 mg/g protein scoring pattern for histidine", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pheur-histidine", "title": "European Pharmacopoeia monographs Histidine and Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Pharmacopoeial distinction of free base versus hydrochloride monohydrate, specific-rotation and identification tests" }, { "id": "21cfr-172-320", "title": "21 CFR 172.320 Amino acids", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/section-172.320", "what_it_supports": "U.S. food-additive listing of amino acids, including L-histidine, as nutrients", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iupac-iub-1983", "title": "Nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides (IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature recommendations 1983)", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Three-letter His / one-letter H codes and the S / L stereochemical designation" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "histidine-identity", "name": "Histidine identity", "description": "Evidence that the material has the intended molecular structure and L stereochemistry.", "rationale": "Histidine names and non-chiral assays can conceal differences that change whether this registry entry applies.", "layers": [ { "id": "molecular-connectivity", "name": "Molecular connectivity", "description": "Recognition of the free histidine molecule.", "findings": [ { "id": "free-histidine-identification", "name": "Free histidine identification", "description": "Record evidence distinguishing free histidine from imidazole-containing neighbours and covalently bound residues.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which structural reference and analytical observations identify the sample as free histidine?", "kind": "definition", "id": "free-histidine-identification-q01" }, { "text": "Was histidine measured directly or released from another substance during sample preparation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "free-histidine-identification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "l-stereochemistry", "name": "L stereochemistry", "description": "Verification of configuration and enantiomeric composition.", "findings": [ { "id": "enantiomer-verification", "name": "Enantiomer verification", "description": "Record stereospecific evidence separately from total histidine content.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which method and reference establish the L configuration and quantify any D-histidine?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "enantiomer-verification-q01" }, { "text": "What enantiomeric acceptance criterion applies to the intended use, and is the method sensitive enough to evaluate it?", "kind": "action", "id": "enantiomer-verification-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-form-and-amount", "name": "Material form and amount", "description": "The supplied form and the amount of L-histidine that it represents.", "rationale": "Counterions, water and assay conventions can make equal weighed masses deliver different amounts of L-histidine.", "layers": [ { "id": "parent-and-associated-forms", "name": "Parent and associated forms", "description": "Classification of parent material, salts, hydrates and mixtures.", "findings": [ { "id": "supplied-form-resolution", "name": "Supplied form resolution", "description": "Record the actual supplied form and its relationship to the parent registry identity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the material parent L-histidine, an identified salt or hydrate, or a mixture containing it?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "supplied-form-resolution-q01" }, { "text": "What measurements or supplier evidence establish counterion identity, stoichiometry and water content?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "supplied-form-resolution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "assay-and-equivalents", "name": "Assay and equivalents", "description": "Interpretation of assay values and preparation quantities.", "findings": [ { "id": "available-histidine-amount", "name": "Available histidine amount", "description": "Express the amount of L-histidine on an explicit and reproducible basis.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the reported assay measure L-histidine specifically or total histidine, and on what mass basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "available-histidine-amount-q01" }, { "text": "What supplied mass provides the required L-histidine amount after accounting for assay, chemical form and water without double correction?", "kind": "action", "id": "available-histidine-amount-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "solution-and-acid-base-state", "name": "Solution and acid-base state", "description": "Dissolution and ionic-state evidence under specified preparation conditions.", "rationale": "A named concentration or pH is insufficient unless the material is dissolved and its chemical environment is recorded.", "layers": [ { "id": "dissolution-state", "name": "Dissolution state", "description": "The distinction between added, dissolved and precipitated L-histidine.", "findings": [ { "id": "dissolved-fraction", "name": "Dissolved fraction", "description": "Record whether the intended amount is present in the sampled liquid phase.", "questions": [ { "text": "At the recorded solvent composition, temperature and pH, what evidence establishes complete dissolution or a remaining solid fraction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "dissolved-fraction-q01" }, { "text": "Could dilution, cooling or pH adjustment change the dissolved fraction before the planned use?", "kind": "action", "id": "dissolved-fraction-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protonation-and-buffering", "name": "Protonation and buffering", "description": "Condition-dependent acid-base behaviour of the histidine functional groups.", "findings": [ { "id": "ionic-state-evidence", "name": "Ionic state evidence", "description": "Record measured or inferred protonation behaviour without assigning universal values to every environment.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which pH measurement and condition-specific acid-base evidence support the assigned protonation distribution?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "ionic-state-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "If buffering is intended, what measured capacity and acceptable pH interval support the proposed formulation?", "kind": "action", "id": "ionic-state-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "interactions-and-transformations", "name": "Interactions and transformations", "description": "Interactions and reactions that affect available L-histidine or produce a different substance.", "rationale": "Association, incorporation and conversion must not be mistaken for an unchanged amount of free L-histidine.", "layers": [ { "id": "metal-and-matrix-association", "name": "Metal and matrix association", "description": "Assessment of associated and analytically available fractions in the actual matrix.", "findings": [ { "id": "association-dependent-availability", "name": "Association-dependent availability", "description": "Record evidence for interactions relevant to the intended measurement or use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which metals or matrix components are present, and what evidence establishes an associated L-histidine fraction under these conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "association-dependent-availability-q01" }, { "text": "Does the intended use require total dissolved histidine or a specifically unassociated fraction?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "association-dependent-availability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "covalent-change", "name": "Covalent change", "description": "Recognition of reactions that cross the free L-histidine identity boundary.", "findings": [ { "id": "reaction-product-boundary", "name": "Reaction product boundary", "description": "Track consumption of L-histidine and link products to their own identities.", "questions": [ { "text": "What analytical evidence indicates conversion to histamine, a covalent derivative or a peptide-bound residue?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "reaction-product-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Which resulting species require separate model links, and how much free L-histidine remains?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "reaction-product-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "lot-quality-and-use-readiness", "name": "Lot quality and use readiness", "description": "Lot-specific evidence supporting a defined handling, preparation or application decision.", "rationale": "L-histidine identity and bulk assay do not establish impurity acceptability, storage validity or suitability for a particular use.", "layers": [ { "id": "quality-evidence", "name": "Quality evidence", "description": "Traceable analytical results and application-specific acceptance criteria.", "findings": [ { "id": "lot-acceptance-basis", "name": "Lot acceptance basis", "description": "Connect the sampled lot to evidence for the attributes relevant to its proposed application.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which lot-linked certificate and test results establish identity, enantiomeric composition, assay and relevant impurities?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "lot-acceptance-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Which acceptance criteria for the named use address related amino acids, residual process materials, metals or microbial quality where relevant?", "kind": "action", "id": "lot-acceptance-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "storage-and-preparation-history", "name": "Storage and preparation history", "description": "History that can alter the reliability of recorded composition and state.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-validity", "name": "Condition validity", "description": "Record whether storage and preparation history support continued reliance on previous measurements.", "questions": [ { "text": "What documented conditions and retest period apply to this L-histidine form or prepared solution?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "condition-validity-q01" }, { "text": "Have moisture exposure, heating, pH adjustment, precipitation or suspected contamination created a need for reassessment?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-validity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "permitted-use-decision", "name": "Permitted use decision", "description": "A bounded decision about what may be done with the particular material.", "findings": [ { "id": "application-release", "name": "Application release", "description": "Tie release, restriction or quarantine to the named application and supporting evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "For which specific application do the form, concentration, impurity profile and quality documentation establish suitability?", "kind": "action", "id": "application-release-q01" }, { "text": "Which handling instructions and unresolved evidence gaps constrain preparation, transfer or release of this material?", "kind": "action", "id": "application-release-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "crystalline L-histidine free base", "L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate (principal commercial salt)", "pharmacopoeial / parenteral-nutrition grade", "food-chemical and feed-additive grades from fermentation", "protein-bound histidine residues (catalytic, heme-axial, zinc-site)", "oligohistidine affinity tags (His6 and variants)", "N-acetyl-L-histidine (dominant free imidazole pool in teleost lens and brain)", "stable-isotope-labelled L-histidine (13C/15N) for flux and NMR work" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of L-histidine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "71-00-1", "note": "Free-base L-histidine; the monohydrochloride monohydrate is 5934-29-2" }, { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q485277", "note": "Item for L-histidine; the broader histidine class is Q188017" }, { "scheme": "PubChem CID", "value_or_pattern": "6274", "note": "L-histidine" }, { "scheme": "ChEBI", "value_or_pattern": "CHEBI:15971", "note": "L-histidine; generic histidine is CHEBI:27570" }, { "scheme": "UNII", "value_or_pattern": "4QD397987E", "note": "FDA Substance Registration System for L-histidine" }, { "scheme": "InChIKey", "value_or_pattern": "HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N", "note": "Stereospecific key; the YFKPBYRV infix marks the L (S) enantiomer" }, { "scheme": "EC / EINECS", "value_or_pattern": "200-745-3", "note": "Inventory listing for L-histidine" }, { "scheme": "IUBMB residue codes", "value_or_pattern": "His / H", "note": "Three-letter and one-letter amino-acid codes" }, { "scheme": "KEGG Compound", "value_or_pattern": "C00135", "note": "L-Histidine in metabolic maps" }, { "scheme": "HMDB", "value_or_pattern": "HMDB0000177", "note": "Human metabolome entry for L-histidine" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of L-histidine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "United States Pharmacopeia - Histidine and Histidine Hydrochloride Monohydrate monographs (USP-NF, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention)", "European Pharmacopoeia - Histidine (0910) and Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (0911) (EDQM, Council of Europe)", "Japanese Pharmacopoeia - Histidine / Histidine Hydrochloride Hydrate (PMDA / MHLW)", "Food Chemicals Codex - L-Histidine (U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention)", "21 CFR 172.320 Amino acids - permits listed L-amino acids, including L-histidine, as nutrients in food (U.S. FDA)", "Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition, plus implementing regulations authorising L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate from named fermentation strains (European Commission)", "Codex Alimentarius CXS 72-1981 Standard for Infant Formula - sets a minimum histidine content in the amino-acid profile (Codex Alimentarius Commission, FAO/WHO)", "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/127 - infant-formula composition, including indispensable amino acids (European Commission)", "WHO/FAO/UNU 2007 amino-acid scoring pattern - histidine treated as indispensable at 10 mg/kg/day and 15 mg/g protein (WHO, FAO, UNU)", "Directive 2002/46/EC on food supplements - amino acids allowed in supplements subject to national positive lists (European Parliament and Council)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of L-histidine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Indispensable amino acid in mixed diets, medical foods and crystalline amino-acid parenteral-nutrition solutions, especially for infants", "pH ~6 buffering excipient in monoclonal-antibody and other biologic drug products", "Hexahistidine tags for immobilised-metal affinity chromatography (Ni/Co IMAC) of recombinant proteins", "Metabolic precursor of histamine (histidine decarboxylase), carnosine/anserine and trans-urocanate (histidine ammonia-lyase)", "Fortification of infant formula and some animal feeds (poultry, pigs, salmonids) as a fermentation product", "Coordination of heme iron in hemoglobin and myoglobin (proximal and distal histidine) and of zinc in zinc-finger and catalytic sites", "Free histidine in scombroid fish muscle as the substrate that spoilage bacteria convert to histamine", "Research reagent and internal standard in amino-acid analysis, metabolomics and 13C/15N tracer studies" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of L-histidine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "molecular mass (free base)", "typical_range": "155.15 (monoisotopic 155.0695)", "unit": "g·mol−1" }, { "quantity": "imidazole side-chain pKa", "typical_range": "5.9-6.1", "unit": "pKa" }, { "quantity": "isoelectric point", "typical_range": "7.47-7.59", "unit": "pH" }, { "quantity": "specific optical rotation [α]D in 6 M HCl", "typical_range": "+11.5 to +13.5", "unit": "deg·mL·g−1·dm−1" }, { "quantity": "aqueous solubility at 25 °C", "typical_range": "38-46", "unit": "g·L−1" }, { "quantity": "adult dietary requirement (WHO/FAO/UNU 2007)", "typical_range": "~10", "unit": "mg·kg−1·day−1" }, { "quantity": "fasting plasma free histidine (adults)", "typical_range": "70-120", "unit": "µmol·L−1" }, { "quantity": "nitrogen mass fraction (C6H9N3O2)", "typical_range": "27.1", "unit": "% w/w" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of L-histidine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Bacterial decarboxylation of free histidine in tuna, mackerel and related fish to histamine (scombroid/histamine fish poisoning)", "Photo-oxidation and metal-catalysed oxidation of protein histidine to 2-oxo-histidine in stressed biologics", "Histidinemia from histidine ammonia-lyase (HAL) deficiency, usually a benign hyperaminoacidemia", "High-dose free histidine can chelate zinc and copper and disturb trace-metal balance", "Omission or under-dosing in infant parenteral nutrition, where histidine is strictly indispensable", "Alkaline or thermal racemisation to D-histidine during harsh hydrolysis or processing", "pH drift, buffer crystallisation or freeze-thaw instability in histidine-buffered antibody formulations", "Nickel leaching and residual His-tag immunogenicity from IMAC purification" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of L-histidine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Older U.S. nutrition texts often called histidine 'semi-essential' in adults; WHO/FAO/UNU 2007 lists it as indispensable at 10 mg/kg/day", "EU authorises named fermentation organisms as feed additives under 1831/2003; the U.S. treats food use under 21 CFR 172.320 and feed use largely via AAFCO ingredient definitions", "Japan sells histidine-rich skipjack (katsuo) extracts as anti-fatigue Foods with Function Claims; that food-use framing is uncommon in the EU or U.S.", "Infant-formula histidine minima differ in detail among Codex CXS 72, EU 2016/127 and U.S. 21 CFR 107", "Ph. Eur., USP and JP all split the free base from the hydrochloride monohydrate; commercial Asian feed product is almost always the monohydrate salt" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of L-histidine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "D-histidine", "difference": "Opposite specific rotation and opposite elution on chiral HPLC or ligand-exchange chromatography; same elemental formula" }, { "name": "L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate", "difference": "Chloride assay, water of crystallisation (~8-9% w/w), and a more acidic aqueous pH than the free base" }, { "name": "histamine", "difference": "Decarboxylation product (C5H9N3 vs C6H9N3O2); LC-MS [M+H]+ 112 versus 156, and a positive fluorometric o-phthalaldehyde test without an α-carboxyl" }, { "name": "L-arginine", "difference": "Guanidino side chain gives a positive Sakaguchi test; histidine's imidazole gives a Pauly (diazotised sulphanilic acid) colour and a pKa near 6 rather than ~12.5" }, { "name": "L-lysine", "difference": "Primary-amine side chain, no imidazole; does not give the Pauly reaction and elutes differently on cation-exchange amino-acid analysis" }, { "name": "trans-urocanic acid", "difference": "HAL deamination product; lacks the α-amino group, absorbs near 277 nm, and is ninhydrin-negative" }, { "name": "carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine)", "difference": "Dipeptide mass and a second ninhydrin-reactive residue; acid hydrolysis liberates β-alanine plus histidine" }, { "name": "3-methyl-L-histidine", "difference": "Extra ring methyl (marker of actin/myosin turnover); separated by ion-exchange or LC-MS, not by a bulk ninhydrin assay" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of L-histidine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry already provide authoritative models for L-histidine salts, hydrates or ionic species, and where should this entry link to them?", "Which validated analytical methods and acceptance limits should establish identity, D-histidine content and related impurities for each intended grade?", "Which measured solubility, acid-base and buffering data cover the solvents, temperatures and ionic compositions relevant to actual uses?", "What stability evidence supports storage and retest limits for the supplied solid forms and prepared solutions?", "Under which application conditions do metal association or conversion products materially change the amount of usable free L-histidine?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 19, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a L-histidine, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to identify L-histidine, assess the condition and suitability of a material containing it, and determine which handling or use actions are supported by evidence.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a L-histidine, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one L-histidine from another, and a L-histidine from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a L-histidine sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a L-histidine from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a L-histidine is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a L-histidine is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a L-histidine is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a L-histidine is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a L-histidine is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a L-histidine is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a L-histidine passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a L-histidine between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a L-histidine, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a L-histidine is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a L-histidine and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a L-histidine is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a L-histidine performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a L-histidine.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a L-histidine at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a L-histidine there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What L-histidine is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name L-histidine unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of L-histidine exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How L-histidine behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of L-histidine, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is L-histidine incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How L-histidine can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is L-histidine classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover L-histidine, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a L-histidine came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a L-histidine and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a L-histidine is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a L-histidine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a L-histidine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a L-histidine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }