{ "model": { "rank": 5454, "code": "thing-q486775", "model_id": "vr.tr.lynching", "name": "lynching", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess reported lynchings, preserve uncertainty and evidence, and support protection, investigation and remembrance without reproducing perpetrators' claims as facts.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q486775/", "tier": 2, "score": 67, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Lynching of Italian Americans", "Lynching of Native Americans", "Lynching of Asian Americans", "Lynching of Hispanic and Latino Americans", "Lynching of white Americans", "lynching in the United States" ], "aliasCount": 6, "merged": 6, "knownIn": 67, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q486775", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486775", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T22:24:19Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08844-aeb9-7bf1-995d-d446d680ca79\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: lynching\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 62.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08844-aeb4-73d2-906c-6bedbb906ee7\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: lynching\nRegistry id: vr.tr.lynching\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContex" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q486775", "registryId": "vr.tr.lynching", "name": "lynching", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q486775/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.lynching", "name": "lynching", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess reported lynchings, preserve uncertainty and evidence, and support protection, investigation and remembrance without reproducing perpetrators' claims as facts.", "definition": "Lynching is collective extrajudicial violence, usually killing, carried out under a claimed authority to punish an alleged transgression or enforce a social hierarchy, although definitions differ over whether nonfatal violence qualifies.", "scope_statement": "This model owns lynching as a reported or established act of collective, extrajudicial violence framed as punishment or social enforcement, recording which definition governs classification and whether it requires a death; it distinguishes completed killings, attempted lynchings and related intimidation.", "in_scope": [ "Competing definitions of lynching and their criteria for classifying an incident", "Collective participation, attributed wrongdoing and claims of punitive authority", "Victim targeting, social domination and intimidation directed beyond the immediate victim", "Incident reconstruction, institutional involvement and evidentiary uncertainty", "Survivor protection, accountability, documentation and public remembrance" ], "out_of_scope": [ "General models of homicide, assault and crowd violence beyond their relationship to lynching", "Judicial execution and capital punishment as institutional practices", "Pogroms, massacres and broader campaigns of persecution except where particular incidents overlap", "Racism, caste hierarchy and other systems of domination as complete social models", "Metaphorical uses such as online or media lynching without an allegation of physical violence" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Test for collective agency or participation rather than assuming that any individual extrajudicial killing is a lynching; record the chosen definition's requirements.", "Test whether violence was presented or performed as punishment, community enforcement or domination; keep perpetrators' accusations separate from verified conduct.", "Examine how the violence bypassed or displaced adjudication, including whether officials participated, enabled it or failed to intervene.", "Classify death, survival, attempt and threat separately; do not silently include nonfatal incidents under a definition requiring death.", "Do not classify by hanging, crowd size, public spectacle or a particular country alone; test the incident against explicit substantive criteria." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Classification and governing definition", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Named and cited definition; included, excluded, contested or undetermined", "why_it_matters": "Prevents incompatible historical, research and legal usages from being treated as interchangeable." }, { "name": "Incident completion and human outcome", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Threatened, attempted or carried out; fatal, nonfatal, mixed or unknown outcome", "why_it_matters": "Separates the event's progression from its consequences and supports definitions with different fatality requirements." }, { "name": "Collective participation", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Evidence-linked relations among organisers, direct assailants, facilitators and other participants; uncertain roles retained", "why_it_matters": "Records collective responsibility without equating presence with participation." }, { "name": "Claimed punitive justification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Attributed accusation, claimed norm enforcement, explicit domination, other stated justification or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Captures the asserted authority behind the violence without endorsing accusations against victims." }, { "name": "Targeting basis", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Evidence-supported relationship between victim selection and attributed identity, status, conduct or affiliation", "why_it_matters": "Allows discriminatory targeting and mixed motives to be assessed without assuming them from identity alone." }, { "name": "Institutional relationship", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Documented protection, intervention, participation, facilitation, nonintervention, obstruction or unknown relationship", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes different forms of institutional involvement and responsibility." }, { "name": "Affected-person counts", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Persons killed, injured, missing or directly threatened; separate counts with ranges and source dates", "why_it_matters": "Supports consequence assessment while preserving uncertainty and avoiding duplicate counting." }, { "name": "Claim-level evidentiary status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Supported, disputed, contradicted or unresolved, with provenance and assessment rationale", "why_it_matters": "Prevents confidence in one part of an incident account from transferring automatically to every allegation." } ], "affordances": [ "Compare a reported incident against explicitly selected definitions and explain inclusion, exclusion or uncertainty.", "Reconstruct an evidence-linked timeline and distinguish allegations, observations and later interpretations.", "Identify supported patterns of collective participation, discriminatory targeting and institutional involvement.", "Flag continuing threats and refer protective decisions to appropriate human responders.", "Prepare source-grounded records for investigation, research or remembrance with proportionate privacy protections.", "Compare incident collections only after reconciling definitions, geographic coverage and missing evidence." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "definition-and-incident-boundaries", "name": "Definition and incident boundaries", "description": "Make the classification of lynching explicit and reviewable.", "rationale": "The model must accommodate competing usages without turning a provisional label into an established fact.", "layers": [ { "id": "governing-definition", "name": "Governing definition", "description": "Record whose definition is applied and its necessary criteria.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-criteria", "name": "Classification criteria", "description": "Maintain a source-backed classification rule rather than assuming universal agreement about fatality, collective agency or punitive purpose.", "questions": [ { "text": "Whose definition is being used, in which historical, research or legal context, and what criteria does it require?", "kind": "definition", "id": "classification-criteria-q01" }, { "text": "Does this definition require death, multiple perpetrators or an asserted punitive purpose, and which criteria remain unsupported?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "classification-criteria-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "adjacent-violence-and-event-unit", "name": "Adjacent violence and event unit", "description": "Separate the classified incident from neighbouring forms of violence and broader episodes.", "findings": [ { "id": "incident-inclusion-and-overlap", "name": "Incident inclusion and overlap", "description": "Record whether the evidence supports lynching, an attempt, a threat or another form of violence, allowing justified overlapping classifications.", "questions": [ { "text": "What distinguishes this incident from an individual homicide, riot killing, massacre or judicial execution under the selected definition?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "incident-inclusion-and-overlap-q01" }, { "text": "Do multiple victims or connected attacks constitute one incident or several, and what event-boundary rule supports that decision?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "incident-inclusion-and-overlap-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "collective-agency-and-punitive-claims", "name": "Collective agency and punitive claims", "description": "Describe participation and the authority perpetrators claimed for their violence.", "rationale": "Collective action and asserted punishment require analysis beyond recording the immediate physical attack.", "layers": [ { "id": "participation-and-coordination", "name": "Participation and coordination", "description": "Distinguish supported participant roles and relationships.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-of-collective-agency", "name": "Evidence of collective agency", "description": "Assess organisation, encouragement and facilitation without treating every witness or crowd member as a perpetrator.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence identifies organisers, direct assailants or facilitators, and how is each role distinguished from mere presence?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "evidence-of-collective-agency-q01" }, { "text": "Was collective participation coordinated, emergent or uncertain, and how does that affect classification?", "kind": "definition", "id": "evidence-of-collective-agency-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "accusation-and-claimed-authority", "name": "Accusation and claimed authority", "description": "Track punitive narratives as attributed claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "justification-without-endorsement", "name": "Justification without endorsement", "description": "Keep alleged wrongdoing, perpetrators' stated reasons and independently established circumstances distinct.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who alleged wrongdoing or invoked a community norm, and when and where was that claim recorded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "justification-without-endorsement-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes a punitive claim from other possible motives such as retaliation, material gain or organised domination?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "justification-without-endorsement-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "targeting-terror-and-institutions", "name": "Targeting, terror and institutions", "description": "Assess victim selection, wider intimidation and relationships with public authority.", "rationale": "An incident may affect a wider population and involve institutions whose conduct cannot be inferred from the attackers' identities alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "selection-and-wider-intimidation", "name": "Selection and wider intimidation", "description": "Examine the relationship between immediate violence and threats to others.", "findings": [ { "id": "targeting-and-audience", "name": "Targeting and audience", "description": "Record evidence of discriminatory selection and intended or experienced intimidation without assuming identical motives across contexts.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence connects victim selection to race, ethnicity, caste, religion, gender, political affiliation, attributed conduct or another basis?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "targeting-and-audience-q01" }, { "text": "Who beyond the immediate victims was threatened or intimidated, and what testimony or other evidence supports that assessment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "targeting-and-audience-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "authority-and-protection", "name": "Authority and protection", "description": "Examine official conduct before, during and after the incident.", "findings": [ { "id": "institutional-conduct", "name": "Institutional conduct", "description": "Distinguish participation, facilitation, nonintervention and protective action using evidence of knowledge, capacity and conduct.", "questions": [ { "text": "Was a victim in official custody or seeking protection, and what did responsible officials know and do?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "institutional-conduct-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes inability to intervene from refusal, facilitation or direct participation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "institutional-conduct-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "incident-evidence-and-consequences", "name": "Incident evidence and consequences", "description": "Reconstruct the event and its effects through traceable, critically assessed accounts.", "rationale": "Classification and accountability depend on separating reliable evidence from rumour, repeated claims and missing records.", "layers": [ { "id": "reconstruction-and-source-conflict", "name": "Reconstruction and source conflict", "description": "Build a timeline that preserves disagreement and gaps.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-incident-account", "name": "Traceable incident account", "description": "Attach provenance to claims about time, location, victim identity, custody, violence and outcome.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which sources support each material event claim, and are apparently corroborating accounts independent or copied from one another?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-incident-account-q01" }, { "text": "Where do survivor testimony, official records, reporting or other evidence conflict, and what remains unresolved?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-incident-account-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "human-and-community-consequences", "name": "Human and community consequences", "description": "Record immediate outcomes and supported continuing effects.", "findings": [ { "id": "outcomes-and-continuing-harm", "name": "Outcomes and continuing harm", "description": "Distinguish documented deaths and injuries from uncertain counts and broader consequences requiring separate evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "How many people were killed, injured, missing or directly threatened, and what counting uncertainties remain?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "outcomes-and-continuing-harm-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports continuing effects such as displacement, loss of livelihood or community intimidation, and over what period?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "outcomes-and-continuing-harm-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-accountability-and-remembrance", "name": "Protection, accountability and remembrance", "description": "Support responsible decisions concerning ongoing danger, investigation and public records.", "rationale": "A usable model must connect assessment to protective and documentary actions while avoiding renewed exposure or misrepresentation.", "layers": [ { "id": "protection-and-investigation", "name": "Protection and investigation", "description": "Identify current needs and accurately track institutional responses.", "findings": [ { "id": "safe-referral-and-response-status", "name": "Safe referral and response status", "description": "Separate immediate protective needs from allegations, investigative findings and adjudicated responsibility.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is there a continuing threat to survivors, relatives or witnesses, and which competent responders can receive a safe referral?", "kind": "action", "id": "safe-referral-and-response-status-q01" }, { "text": "Which investigations or proceedings are documented, what is their current status, and which responsibility claims remain unadjudicated?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "safe-referral-and-response-status-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ethical-records-and-public-memory", "name": "Ethical records and public memory", "description": "Support accurate preservation, access and commemoration.", "findings": [ { "id": "dignified-documentation", "name": "Dignified documentation", "description": "Preserve evidentiary value while considering victim identification, sensitive testimony and the reuse of material created to humiliate or intimidate.", "questions": [ { "text": "What access restrictions, redactions or contextual explanations are needed before sharing names, testimony or graphic records?", "kind": "action", "id": "dignified-documentation-q01" }, { "text": "How will corrections, contested identifications and survivor or descendant perspectives be represented in research and commemorative records?", "kind": "action", "id": "dignified-documentation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This account is recalled knowledge, not source-verified research.", "A researcher should specify whether the intended definition requires death, a minimum number of participants, and a claimed justification; historical inventories use differing criteria.", "Lynching is best treated here as an act or event category; metaphorical uses such as 'media lynching' are outside this definition." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of lynching this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Racial terror lynching", "Vigilante lynching of alleged criminal offenders", "Lynching to enforce political or social conformity" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of lynching this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Historical investigation of collective violence and racial domination", "Sociological comparison of vigilantism, collective punishment, and informal social control", "Documentation of victims for memorialisation and public education", "Analysis of official complicity, impunity, and failures of protection" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of lynching this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Recorded lynching incidents within a specified territory and period", "typical_range": "Depends on the operational definition, geographical coverage, and surviving records", "unit": "incidents" }, { "quantity": "People killed in recorded lynching incidents", "typical_range": "An incident may involve one or multiple victims; totals depend on documentation and inclusion criteria", "unit": "people" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of lynching this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Death, injury, intimidation, and lasting trauma for victims, witnesses, and targeted communities", "Collective punishment based on unproven accusations, rumours, or group identity", "Official participation, acquiescence, or failure to investigate, enabling impunity", "Undercounting where violence is concealed, records are missing, or victims are excluded from contemporary reporting", "Misclassification when lynching is equated exclusively with hanging or indiscriminately with any mob violence" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of lynching this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "United States historical scholarship gives particular attention to anti-Black racial terror, while also documenting lynchings targeting other populations.", "Latin American research often examines lynching in relation to collective punishment of alleged offenders and distrust of state justice.", "South Asian discussions include mob violence connected to religious identity, caste, alleged offences, and rumours; inclusion criteria vary." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of lynching this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Extrajudicial killing", "difference": "A broader category that includes killings without judicial authority by state agents or other actors; lynching particularly involves collective punitive or socially disciplinary violence." }, { "name": "Vigilantism", "difference": "Vigilantism includes unofficial enforcement activities such as patrols, threats, and assaults; lynching is a violent punitive act and need not arise from an organised vigilante group." }, { "name": "Hanging", "difference": "Hanging is a method of killing or execution; lynching is distinguished by its collective and extrajudicial character and can employ other methods." }, { "name": "Pogrom", "difference": "A pogrom is a collective attack on a targeted ethnic or religious community; it may include lynchings but generally describes a broader episode of persecution." }, { "name": "Judicial execution", "difference": "A judicial execution follows a formal death sentence; lynching bypasses judicial process, even when officials participate or tolerate it." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of lynching this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which reference definitions should anchor this registry entry, and how do they differ over fatality, collective participation and punitive purpose?", "How should the model represent incidents involving substantial official participation when different definitions draw the state-versus-mob boundary differently?", "Which cross-context criteria distinguish lynching from overlapping forms of communal violence without imposing one historical setting's terminology on another?", "What event-counting and evidence-assessment conventions permit responsible comparison across archives with uneven coverage?", "Which survivor and descendant documentation practices should guide access, identification and reuse of sensitive historical material?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 27 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a lynching, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise and assess reported lynchings, preserve uncertainty and evidence, and support protection, investigation and remembrance without reproducing perpetrators' claims as facts.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Lynching of Italian Americans, Lynching of Native Americans, Lynching of Asian Americans, Lynching of Hispanic and Latino Americans, Lynching of white Americans, lynching in the United States.", "6 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 67 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a lynching, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Lynching of Italian Americans", "Lynching of Native Americans", "Lynching of Asian Americans", "Lynching of Hispanic and Latino Americans", "Lynching of white Americans", "lynching in the United States" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 67 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 6 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one lynching from another, and a lynching from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a lynching sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a lynching from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a lynching passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a lynching between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a lynching, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a lynching is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a lynching proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a lynching, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a lynching and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a lynching consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a lynching takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What lynching is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of lynching are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is lynching operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of lynching and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of lynching?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as lynching?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a lynching came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a lynching and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a lynching is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a lynching, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a lynching, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a lynching is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }