{ "model": { "rank": 5913, "code": "thing-q487756", "model_id": "vr.tr.specific-heat-capacity", "name": "specific heat capacity", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise, assess and appropriately use a material's mass-specific heat capacity under stated thermal conditions and process constraints.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q487756/", "tier": 2, "score": 64, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "specific heat capacity at constant pressure", "specific heat capacity at constant volume", "specific heat capacity at saturated vapour pressure" ], "aliasCount": 3, "merged": 3, "knownIn": 64, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q487756", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487756", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T10:05:56Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00978146, "turns": 1, "seconds": 160.9, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 63, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b50-2d57-70a0-bfab-6f121aa475fb\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: specific heat capacity\nRegistry id: vr.tr.specific-heat-capacity\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q487756", "registryId": "vr.tr.specific-heat-capacity", "name": "specific heat capacity", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q487756/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.specific-heat-capacity", "name": "specific heat capacity", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise, assess and appropriately use a material's mass-specific heat capacity under stated thermal conditions and process constraints.", "definition": "Specific heat capacity is the intensive thermodynamic property obtained by dividing a homogeneous body's heat capacity by its mass, i.e. the heat that must be supplied per unit mass to produce a unit temperature rise under a stated constraint, almost always constant pressure (cp) or constant volume (cv).", "scope_statement": "This model owns specific heat capacity as a condition-dependent thermal property: its mass basis, thermodynamic constraint, material attribution, supporting evidence and limits of use in sensible-heat calculations.", "in_scope": [ "Heat capacity per unit mass, expressed in J/(kg·K) or convertible units.", "Distinction between constant-pressure, constant-volume and explicitly defined process-dependent values.", "Dependence on temperature, pressure, composition and material phase.", "Single values, tables and functions with stated validity ranges and uncertainty.", "Distinction between equilibrium specific heat capacity and apparent values affected by transitions or measurement conditions.", "Permitted use in sensible-heat and thermal-response calculations." ], "out_of_scope": [ "Total heat capacity of a particular body or assembly.", "Molar and volumetric heat capacity as separately normalised quantities.", "Thermal conductivity and the mechanisms or rates of heat transport.", "Latent heat and phase-transition thermodynamics beyond their effect on interpreting heat-capacity data.", "Complete material composition, phase diagrams and equations of state.", "Complete calorimeter designs and thermal-system simulations." ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The quantity is normalised by mass and has units equivalent to J/(kg·K); J/K describes total heat capacity.", "Values normalised by amount of substance or volume require molar mass or density, respectively, before they represent specific heat capacity.", "A constant-pressure value describes the temperature derivative of specific enthalpy at fixed pressure and composition; a constant-volume value describes the derivative of specific internal energy at fixed specific volume and composition.", "The quantity relates thermal energy change to temperature change under stated constraints; it does not specify how quickly heat flows.", "A transition-related energy contribution cannot automatically be treated as an ordinary sensible-heat capacity, particularly when temperature remains constant or the reported value depends on the measurement protocol." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Specific heat capacity representation", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "J/(kg·K); scalar, table or function with convertible source units", "why_it_matters": "Determines the magnitude of the property and whether calculations must account for variation with conditions." }, { "name": "Thermodynamic constraint", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Constant pressure (cp), constant volume (cv), explicitly defined other constraint, unspecified", "why_it_matters": "Prevents substitution of quantities defined under different thermal processes." }, { "name": "Material and composition attribution", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Reference to material or specimen, composition and relevant conditioning", "why_it_matters": "Establishes which material the value describes and whether it can be transferred to another specimen." }, { "name": "Mass normalisation basis", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Total specimen mass, dry mass, constituent mass or another explicitly defined basis", "why_it_matters": "Avoids comparing or applying values normalised to different masses." }, { "name": "Thermal state and validity domain", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Temperature in K, pressure in Pa, phase and applicable ranges; fixed specific volume in m³/kg where relevant", "why_it_matters": "Identifies where the reported property is applicable." }, { "name": "Equilibrium or apparent interpretation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Equilibrium property, apparent or effective measurement, unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes a thermodynamic property from a response containing kinetic, transition or protocol-dependent contributions." }, { "name": "Uncertainty and variability", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Absolute uncertainty in J/(kg·K) or relative uncertainty in %, with stated interpretation", "why_it_matters": "Supports defensible comparisons and propagation of uncertainty into thermal calculations." }, { "name": "Evidence and determination method", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Reference to measurement, evaluated dataset, calculation or estimate, including method and version", "why_it_matters": "Allows the agent to judge traceability and fitness for the intended use." } ], "affordances": [ "Select a specific heat capacity value or function matching the material, phase and process constraint.", "Convert compatible units and normalisation bases when the required density or molar mass is available.", "Compare reported values after reconciling conditions, mass bases and uncertainty.", "Calculate sensible enthalpy or internal-energy changes by integrating the appropriate heat-capacity function over temperature.", "Determine whether a constant-value approximation is adequate for a stated temperature interval and error tolerance.", "Flag extrapolation, unresolved constraints or transition effects that require additional evidence before use." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iso-80000-5", "title": "ISO 80000-5:2019 Quantities and units - Part 5: Thermodynamics", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Quantity names (specific/massic heat capacity), symbols c, cp, cv, and the SI coherent unit J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹." }, { "id": "iupac-green-book", "title": "Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (IUPAC Green Book), 3rd edition", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "IUPAC preference for \"specific heat capacity\" / \"massic heat capacity\", the cp/cv distinction, and the meaning of the adjective specific (divided by mass)." }, { "id": "astm-e1269", "title": "ASTM E1269 Standard Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "The laboratory method by which solid and liquid cp is actually measured in materials work, including sapphire-ratio practice and the difference between true and mean cp." }, { "id": "iso-11357-4", "title": "ISO 11357-4 Plastics - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - Part 4: Determination of specific heat capacity", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "The corresponding ISO DSC procedure used for polymers and the reporting of cp as a function of temperature." }, { "id": "iapws-95", "title": "IAPWS R6-95 (IAPWS-95), Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "The reference formulation from which liquid-water and steam heat capacities used in engineering and oceanography are derived." }, { "id": "nist-webbook", "title": "NIST Chemistry WebBook (thermochemical data)", "url": "https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/", "what_it_supports": "Tabulated cp(T) for gases, liquids and solids used as typical ranges and as the usual source of Shomate/JANAF-style coefficients.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wikipedia-shc", "title": "Specific heat capacity", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity", "what_it_supports": "Common names, the cp/cv and mass/mole/volume variants, characteristic numerical values, and the Wikidata link commonly given as Q27318.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "quantity-and-process-definition", "name": "Quantity and process definition", "description": "Establishes what the reported heat capacity means and how it is normalised.", "rationale": "Specific heat capacity is easily confused with other heat capacities or used without the constraint that defines it.", "layers": [ { "id": "mass-specific-identity", "name": "Mass-specific identity", "description": "Identifies the denominator and dimensional meaning of the reported quantity.", "findings": [ { "id": "normalisation-and-units", "name": "Normalisation and units", "description": "Record the source units, conversion and exact mass basis before treating a value as specific heat capacity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the reported quantity energy per unit mass per unit temperature change, rather than total, molar or volumetric heat capacity?", "kind": "definition", "id": "normalisation-and-units-q01" }, { "text": "Does the mass denominator include the whole specimen, only dry material or a specified constituent?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "normalisation-and-units-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermodynamic-constraint", "name": "Thermodynamic constraint", "description": "Determines the process conditions under which the temperature response is defined.", "findings": [ { "id": "cp-cv-or-defined-path", "name": "Constant pressure, constant volume or defined path", "description": "Record whether the value is cp, cv or a response under another explicit constraint; preserve an unspecified constraint as unresolved.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the source define the value at constant pressure, constant specific volume or another stated process constraint?", "kind": "definition", "id": "cp-cv-or-defined-path-q01" }, { "text": "Does the intended calculation require an enthalpy change, an internal-energy change or a separately justified process-dependent heat input?", "kind": "action", "id": "cp-cv-or-defined-path-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-state-and-dependence", "name": "Material state and dependence", "description": "Connects the property to a material and the conditions that govern its value.", "rationale": "A material name alone does not establish a transferable heat-capacity value.", "layers": [ { "id": "composition-and-phase", "name": "Composition and phase", "description": "Identifies the material state represented by the heat-capacity evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "specimen-applicability", "name": "Specimen applicability", "description": "Record composition, phase and relevant conditioning sufficiently to judge whether the evidence represents the target material.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which composition, moisture content where relevant, and phase or phase mixture does the reported value describe?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "specimen-applicability-q01" }, { "text": "Could differences in composition, phase fraction or conditioning make the value unsuitable for the target specimen?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "specimen-applicability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "temperature-and-pressure-domain", "name": "Temperature and pressure domain", "description": "Captures state dependence and the interval over which the representation is supported.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-property-representation", "name": "Supported property representation", "description": "Record reference conditions, validity limits and whether the value is local, interval-averaged or represented by a table or function.", "questions": [ { "text": "At which temperature, pressure and other required state conditions was the value determined, and what range does the source support?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supported-property-representation-q01" }, { "text": "Is the reported number a local value, an average over a specified interval or a coefficient in a temperature-dependent expression?", "kind": "definition", "id": "supported-property-representation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "determination-and-interpretation", "name": "Determination and interpretation", "description": "Establishes how the value was obtained and what thermal response it actually represents.", "rationale": "Measured and estimated values can differ in reliability, while calorimetric signals can contain contributions beyond sensible heating.", "layers": [ { "id": "evidence-and-uncertainty", "name": "Evidence and uncertainty", "description": "Makes the determination traceable and its precision interpretable.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-determination", "name": "Traceable determination", "description": "Record the source, determination method and reported uncertainty without equating numerical precision with accuracy.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which identifiable source supports the value, and was it measured, evaluated from measurements, calculated or estimated?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-determination-q01" }, { "text": "What uncertainty is reported, how is it defined, and does it include specimen variability or only measurement uncertainty?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "traceable-determination-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "transitions-and-time-dependence", "name": "Transitions and time dependence", "description": "Separates equilibrium heat capacity from apparent responses influenced by transformations or experimental timing.", "findings": [ { "id": "apparent-capacity-contributions", "name": "Apparent heat-capacity contributions", "description": "Identify whether phase change, reaction, relaxation or measurement protocol affects interpretation of the reported response.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the reported response include latent heat, reaction heat or relaxation effects, and how were those contributions treated?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "apparent-capacity-contributions-q01" }, { "text": "Does the value depend on heating or cooling direction, scan rate, modulation frequency or equilibration time?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "apparent-capacity-contributions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "calculation-and-use-limits", "name": "Calculation and use limits", "description": "Defines when the property can support an energy calculation, comparison or derived thermal quantity.", "rationale": "A valid property value can still produce a wrong decision when applied across unsupported conditions or combined with incompatible inputs.", "layers": [ { "id": "sensible-energy-calculation", "name": "Sensible-energy calculation", "description": "Matches the property representation to the temperature path and energy balance.", "findings": [ { "id": "integration-or-constant-approximation", "name": "Integration or constant approximation", "description": "Choose integration or a justified constant-value approximation, while identifying transition contributions and process assumptions separately.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the temperature path remain within the supported material state and validity range of the selected cp or cv representation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "integration-or-constant-approximation-q01" }, { "text": "Must the temperature dependence be integrated, or does an interval-appropriate constant meet the required error tolerance?", "kind": "action", "id": "integration-or-constant-approximation-q02" }, { "text": "What work, mass-transfer or transformation contributions must the energy balance account for before interpreting the result as required heat input?", "kind": "action", "id": "integration-or-constant-approximation-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "comparison-and-derived-use", "name": "Comparison and derived use", "description": "Controls reconciliation of sources and combination with related material properties.", "findings": [ { "id": "compatible-inputs-and-transfer", "name": "Compatible inputs and transfer", "description": "Require matching definitions and conditions when comparing values or converting them into total, molar or volumetric heat capacity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do values being compared share the same thermodynamic constraint, composition, phase, temperature and mass basis?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "compatible-inputs-and-transfer-q01" }, { "text": "Are the mass, molar mass or density needed for the intended conversion available on a compatible material and state basis?", "kind": "action", "id": "compatible-inputs-and-transfer-q02" }, { "text": "If sources disagree beyond their stated uncertainties, what additional evidence is needed before selecting a value?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "compatible-inputs-and-transfer-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "constant-pressure (isobaric) specific heat capacity, cp", "constant-volume (isochoric) specific heat capacity, cv", "molar heat capacity (heat capacity per amount of substance)", "volumetric heat capacity (heat capacity per volume, ρc)", "true/instantaneous specific heat capacity at a stated temperature", "mean specific heat capacity over a stated temperature interval (enthalpy tables)", "apparent/effective specific heat capacity that folds in latent or reaction heat (DSC of melting; moist porous media)", "saturation/two-phase heat capacities of wet fluids (steam-table practice, where cp is not a simple stable property)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of specific heat capacity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q27318", "note": "Item usually used for specific heat capacity (distinct from heat capacity Q179388)." }, { "scheme": "ISO 80000-5 quantity symbols", "value_or_pattern": "c, cp, cv", "note": "Specific heat capacity and its isobaric/isochoric forms." }, { "scheme": "SI coherent derived unit", "value_or_pattern": "J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹ (= m²·s⁻²·K⁻¹)", "note": "Massic heat capacity; not to be confused with J·K⁻¹ (heat capacity) or J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ (molar heat capacity)." }, { "scheme": "QUDT quantity kind", "value_or_pattern": "http://qudt.org/vocab/quantitykind/SpecificHeatCapacity", "note": "Linked-data identifier used in unit/quantity registries." }, { "scheme": "IUPAC Green Book name", "value_or_pattern": "specific heat capacity; massic heat capacity", "note": "\"Specific\" here means divided by mass; molar and volumetric forms are named separately." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of specific heat capacity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "ISO 80000-5:2019 Quantities and units - Part 5: Thermodynamics (International Organization for Standardization) - defines the quantity, symbols and SI unit.", "ISO 11357-4 Plastics - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - Part 4: Determination of specific heat capacity (ISO) - measurement method for plastics.", "ASTM E1269 Standard Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (ASTM International) - general DSC method, sapphire reference.", "IAPWS R6-95 / IAPWS-95 formulation for ordinary water substance (International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam) - reference cp, cv of water and steam.", "BIPM SI Brochure, 9th edition (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) - status of the kelvin and of derived energy-temperature units used to express c." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of specific heat capacity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "HVAC and building-energy models use cp of air (~1.006 kJ·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹) and volumetric heat capacity of concrete, brick and water to size plant and thermal mass.", "Furnace, foundry and heat-treatment calculations convert a charge mass and a cp(T) curve into the fuel or electrical energy needed to reach a set temperature.", "Engine and process cooling loops are sized from coolant mass-flow × cp × ΔT (water, glycol mixtures, oils).", "Ocean heat-content estimates convert in-situ temperature anomalies using seawater heat capacity from IAPWS/TEOS-10-type formulations.", "Food and pharmaceutical process design (pasteurization, retorting, freeze-drying) uses product cp, often strongly moisture-dependent.", "DSC laboratories report cp(T) of polymers, metals and drugs as a materials-specification and purity/transition diagnostic.", "Electronics and battery packs are thermally modelled with package and cell cp to predict temperature rise under a given waste-heat load." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of specific heat capacity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "mass-specific isobaric heat capacity cp of liquid water near 15-25 °C", "typical_range": "4180-4190", "unit": "J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "mass-specific isobaric heat capacity cp of dry air at ~1 atm, 15-25 °C", "typical_range": "1000-1010", "unit": "J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "mass-specific cp of common engineering metals at ambient temperature (Cu, Fe/steel, Al)", "typical_range": "380-900", "unit": "J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "mass-specific cp of many organic polymers at ambient temperature", "typical_range": "1000-2500", "unit": "J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "mass-specific cp of hydrogen gas (low molar mass extreme)", "typical_range": "about 14000-14500", "unit": "J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "molar heat capacity of many elemental solids near room temperature (Dulong-Petit limit ~3R)", "typical_range": "20-30", "unit": "J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "heat-capacity ratio γ = cp/cv of ideal diatomic gases near ambient conditions", "typical_range": "about 1.40", "unit": "1" }, { "quantity": "temperature to which a quoted c applies (must be recorded with the value)", "typical_range": "cryogenic to process/steam temperatures, commonly 200-1500", "unit": "K" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of specific heat capacity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Using cp for a rigid, closed-volume gas process that is actually at constant volume (or cv for a constant-pressure flow process) produces large errors in predicted ΔT and in γ for compressible flow.", "Treating c as constant over a wide temperature span, or using an ambient-metal value in a high-temperature furnace, mis-sizes energy input; real cp(T) rises and, for gases, depends on excitation of internal modes.", "Omitting latent heat and quoting only sensible cp when a material melts, freezes, evaporates or is moist (wood, soil, food, PCM) understates storage and can hide a thermal plateau.", "Confusing mass-specific c with volumetric heat capacity ρc: air and water then look similar on a per-kilogram basis but differ by three orders of magnitude as thermal stores.", "Older dimensionless \"specific heat relative to water\" used as if it were J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹, or mixing Btu·lb⁻¹·°F⁻¹ tables with SI without conversion.", "DSC bias from sample mass, heating rate, pan contact or an uncalibrated sapphire run, yielding a plausible but wrong cp curve.", "Cooling or fire-load calculations that understate stored energy (m c ΔT plus any latent contribution) underestimate time-to-boil, time-to-runaway, or structural heat soak." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of specific heat capacity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English engineering still often says \"specific heat\"; ISO and IUPAC prefer \"specific heat capacity\" or \"massic heat capacity\" so that \"specific\" unambiguously means per unit mass.", "US customary practice quotes Btu·lb⁻¹·°F⁻¹ (numerically almost equal to cal·g⁻¹·°C⁻¹); SI practice uses J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹. In both calorie and Btu systems liquid water is still taught as \"c = 1\".", "French metrological usage is capacité thermique massique; chaleur spécifique is older and can still mean the ratio to water.", "German usage is spezifische Wärmekapazität; spezifische Wärme survives in shop-floor and older textbook language.", "Steam-table and IAPWS practice (power plant, marine, some national boiler codes) is the usual authority for water/steam c, whereas materials labs quote ASTM E1269 / ISO 11357-4 DSC values for solids." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of specific heat capacity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "heat capacity C", "difference": "C is extensive (J·K⁻¹) and scales with the size of the sample; specific heat capacity is C divided by mass. Same experiment, different normalisation." }, { "name": "molar heat capacity Cm", "difference": "Divide heat capacity by amount of substance, not mass. Convert with molar mass: c = Cm / M. Equal numerical values only if one forgets the unit." }, { "name": "volumetric heat capacity ρc", "difference": "Multiply mass-specific c by density. Separates \"energy per kilogram\" from \"energy per cubic metre\"; decisive for thermal storage and for comparing air with condensed matter." }, { "name": "thermal conductivity k", "difference": "k governs heat flux under a temperature gradient (transport). c governs energy stored per kelvin (capacity). They combine in thermal diffusivity α = k/(ρ cp), they are not substitutes." }, { "name": "thermal diffusivity α", "difference": "α = k/(ρ cp) is the ratio that sets how fast a temperature field spreads. A high-c material can still have high α if k is large (metals)." }, { "name": "specific latent heat (enthalpy of fusion/vaporization)", "difference": "Latent heat is energy at essentially constant temperature during a phase change. True cp describes sensible heating; apparent cp in DSC may mix the two and must be labelled as such." }, { "name": "specific enthalpy or internal energy", "difference": "For a simple compressible substance dh = cp dT + (1−αT)v dp and du = cv dT + [T(∂p/∂T)v − p] dv. cp and cv are the temperature derivatives, not the potentials themselves." }, { "name": "heat-capacity ratio γ = cp/cv", "difference": "γ is dimensionless and is a derived gas property used in isentropic flow; it is not a heat capacity. Measure or compute both cp and cv (or cp and the gas constant) to obtain it." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of specific heat capacity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should registry ownership include apparent, effective and frequency-dependent specific heat capacities, or should these be related quantities with separate models?", "What minimum evidence and uncertainty information should qualify a value for quantitative use rather than provisional estimation?", "Which conventions should govern mass normalisation for moist, porous and multiphase materials?", "How should singular behaviour at phase transitions and discontinuities between fitted temperature intervals be represented and evaluated?", "Which authoritative datasets and material-specific standards should govern validation and conflict resolution for initial implementations?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 26 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a specific heat capacity, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise, assess and appropriately use a material's mass-specific heat capacity under stated thermal conditions and process constraints.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: specific heat capacity at constant pressure, specific heat capacity at constant volume, specific heat capacity at saturated vapour pressure.", "3 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a specific heat capacity, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "specific heat capacity at constant pressure", "specific heat capacity at constant volume", "specific heat capacity at saturated vapour pressure" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 3 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one specific heat capacity from another, and a specific heat capacity from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a specific heat capacity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a specific heat capacity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a specific heat capacity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a specific heat capacity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a specific heat capacity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a specific heat capacity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a specific heat capacity sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a specific heat capacity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a specific heat capacity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a specific heat capacity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a specific heat capacity from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a specific heat capacity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a specific heat capacity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a specific heat capacity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a specific heat capacity passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a specific heat capacity between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a specific heat capacity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a specific heat capacity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a specific heat capacity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a specific heat capacity, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a specific heat capacity is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a specific heat capacity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a specific heat capacity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a specific heat capacity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What specific heat capacity is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of specific heat capacity are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is specific heat capacity operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of specific heat capacity and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of specific heat capacity?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as specific heat capacity?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a specific heat capacity came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a specific heat capacity and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a specific heat capacity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a specific heat capacity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a specific heat capacity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a specific heat capacity is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a specific heat capacity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a specific heat capacity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a specific heat capacity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }