{ "model": { "rank": 2093, "code": "thing-q49228", "model_id": "vr.tr.austronesian", "name": "Austronesian", "purpose": "Let an agent handle Austronesian by branches, member languages, speakers, history of dispersal and resources, using self-designations and attributing scholarly views.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q49228/", "tier": 2, "score": 115, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Malimpung", "Central Palawano", "Brooke's Point Palawano", "Putoh", "Romblomanon", "Lun Bawang", "Malayo-Polynesian", "Bobat", "Letti", "Proto-Maluku Tengah", "Dayak", "Agutaynen", "Aribwatsa", "Muyuw", "Banda", "Tocodede", "Indonesian languages", "Duri", "Sinaugoro", "Kayeli", "Proto-Austronesian", "'Auhelawa", "Dobel", "Taaw't Bato", "Mamuju", "Molbog", "Mount Iriga Agta", "Muna", "Munggui", "Formosan", "Tsouic", "Rajong", "Riung", "Selaru", "Sewa Bay", "Solong", "Tagol", "Tela’a", "Terebu", "Toura" ], "aliasCount": 288, "merged": 290, "knownIn": 115, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q49228", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49228", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T13:33:51Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q49228", "registryId": "vr.tr.austronesian", "name": "Austronesian", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q49228/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.austronesian", "name": "Austronesian", "purpose": "Let an agent handle Austronesian by branches, member languages, speakers, history of dispersal and resources, using self-designations and attributing scholarly views.", "definition": "One of the largest language families in the world, with more than a thousand languages spoken from Madagascar to Rapa Nui and from Taiwan to New Zealand, comprising the Formosan languages of Taiwan and the Malayo-Polynesian branch, which includes Malay and Indonesian, Javanese, Tagalog and Filipino, Malagasy, Maori and Hawaiian.", "what_it_is_for": "Linguistics, history and language resources.", "affordances": [ "identify the branch of a language", "summarise theories of Austronesian dispersal", "find speaker figures and resources", "support endangered language revitalisation" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Very wide geographic spread", "More than a thousand languages", "Origin often placed in Taiwan", "Many endangered languages" ], "appearance": "Not physical; shown in family trees, maps and grammars.", "visual_identification": [ "Languages across Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific", "Formosan languages in Taiwan", "Papuan and Australian languages are other groups" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "Formosan languages", "Western Malayo-Polynesian languages", "Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages", "Oceanic languages", "Malagasy" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "language family", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "Malay and Indonesian", "why": "example" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "Tagalog", "why": "example" }, { "relation": "is classified by", "target": "Glottolog and Ethnologue", "why": "references" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ISO 639-5", "value_or_pattern": "map", "note": "Austronesian languages (collective code)" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "National language policies", "UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Unsourced speaker figures", "Presenting dispersal theories as settled", "Using exonyms instead of self-designations" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification", "description": "Family tree.", "rationale": "Branches organise languages.", "layers": [ { "id": "branch", "name": "Branch", "description": "Which branch.", "findings": [ { "id": "branch-finding", "name": "Branch", "description": "Branch.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which branch does this language belong to, according to reference classifications?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Do references disagree?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "dispersal", "name": "Dispersal", "description": "Origins and spread.", "findings": [ { "id": "dispersal-finding", "name": "Dispersal", "description": "Dispersal.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do linguists and archaeologists say about the Austronesian homeland and spread?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which models are debated?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "speakers", "name": "Speakers", "description": "Communities.", "rationale": "Figures need sources.", "layers": [ { "id": "numbers", "name": "Numbers", "description": "Speaker figures.", "findings": [ { "id": "numbers-finding", "name": "Numbers", "description": "Speaker numbers.", "questions": [ { "text": "How many speakers does this language have, according to recent sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "First or second language?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "names", "name": "Names", "description": "Self-designations.", "findings": [ { "id": "names-finding", "name": "Names", "description": "Self-designations.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do speakers call their language?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which names are exonyms or dialect labels?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "vitality", "name": "Vitality", "description": "Endangerment.", "rationale": "Many languages are at risk.", "layers": [ { "id": "status", "name": "Status", "description": "Endangerment.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-finding", "name": "Status", "description": "Endangerment status.", "questions": [ { "text": "How endangered is this language, according to UNESCO or other assessments?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it taught in schools?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "revival", "name": "Revival", "description": "Revitalisation.", "findings": [ { "id": "revival-finding", "name": "Revival", "description": "Revitalisation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which revitalisation programmes exist, such as language nests?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How can outsiders support them respectfully?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "resources", "name": "Resources", "description": "Learning and technology.", "rationale": "Resources support languages.", "layers": [ { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Courses.", "findings": [ { "id": "learning-finding", "name": "Learning", "description": "Learning resources.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which grammars, dictionaries or courses exist?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Who publishes them?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "technology", "name": "Technology", "description": "Language technology.", "findings": [ { "id": "technology-finding", "name": "Technology", "description": "Language technology.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which keyboards, spell checkers or translation tools support this language?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How good is their quality?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should branches be separate entries?", "How should dispersal theories be recorded?", "How should endangered languages be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Austronesian, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle Austronesian by branches, member languages, speakers, history of dispersal and resources, using self-designations and attributing scholarly views.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Malimpung, Central Palawano, Brooke's Point Palawano, Putoh, Romblomanon, Lun Bawang, Malayo-Polynesian, Bobat, Letti, Proto-Maluku Tengah, Dayak, Agutaynen.", "290 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 115 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Austronesian, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Malimpung", "Central Palawano", "Brooke's Point Palawano", "Putoh", "Romblomanon", "Lun Bawang", "Malayo-Polynesian", "Bobat", "Letti", "Proto-Maluku Tengah", "Dayak", "Agutaynen" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 115 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 290 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Austronesian from another, and a Austronesian from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Austronesian sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Austronesian from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Austronesian passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Austronesian between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Austronesian, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Austronesian is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a Austronesian says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a Austronesian contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a Austronesian and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of Austronesian a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For Austronesian, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of Austronesian exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made Austronesian and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to Austronesian, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in Austronesian, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Austronesian came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Austronesian and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Austronesian is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Austronesian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Austronesian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Austronesian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }