{ "model": { "rank": 2491, "code": "thing-q5294", "model_id": "vr.tr.dvd", "name": "DVD", "purpose": "Let an agent explain DVDs, relay technology, formats, region coding, copy protection and preservation from technical and media history sources, describe the named formats, and distinguish DVDs from CDs, Blu-ray discs, HD DVD and streaming.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q5294/", "tier": 2, "score": 104, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "DVD±R", "MiniDVD", "DVD cover", "DVD-Video", "DVD-Audio", "DVD-ROM", "DVD card", "DVD recordable", "DVD-D", "DVD slick", "DVD-RW DL" ], "aliasCount": 11, "merged": 11, "knownIn": 104, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q5294", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5294", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T23:38:30Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q5294", "registryId": "vr.tr.dvd", "name": "DVD", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q5294/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.dvd", "name": "DVD", "purpose": "Let an agent explain DVDs, relay technology, formats, region coding, copy protection and preservation from technical and media history sources, describe the named formats, and distinguish DVDs from CDs, Blu-ray discs, HD DVD and streaming.", "definition": "An optical disc format for digital data storage, introduced in 1995 by a consortium including Philips, Sony, Toshiba and Panasonic, storing about 4.7 GB on a single-layer 12 cm disc using a 650 nm red laser, with application formats the registry aliases name such as DVD-Video for films with MPEG-2 video, region codes and CSS copy protection, DVD-Audio for high-resolution music, and DVD-ROM for data, recordable formats DVD-R and DVD+R, collectively DVD plus-minus R, and the smaller MiniDVD; DVD covers are the packaging artwork. DVDs were succeeded by Blu-ray and streaming but remain used for archiving and physical media collections, with disc rot and scratches limiting lifespan.", "what_it_is_for": "Storing video, audio and data.", "affordances": [ "explain technology and formats", "relay region coding and copy protection", "describe named formats", "relay preservation" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Red laser optical disc", "Region codes", "Multiple application formats", "Mass-market film distribution" ], "appearance": "A shiny 12 cm or 8 cm disc in a plastic case with cover art.", "visual_identification": [ "Optical disc format of 1995", "DVD plus-minus R, MiniDVD, DVD cover, DVD-Video, DVD-Audio, DVD-ROM", "CDs hold less and use infrared lasers; Blu-ray uses blue lasers and holds more; HD DVD was a rival format; streaming delivers over networks" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "single-layer capacity", "typical_range": "about 4.7", "unit": "GB", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "laser wavelength", "typical_range": "650", "unit": "nm", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "introduced", "typical_range": "1995", "unit": "year", "note": "first players 1996 in Japan" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "DVD-Video", "DVD-Audio", "DVD-ROM", "recordable DVD-R, DVD+R and rewritable formats", "MiniDVD" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "optical disc", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "succeeded", "target": "compact disc", "why": "for video storage" }, { "relation": "was succeeded by", "target": "Blu-ray", "why": "" }, { "relation": "uses", "target": "Content Scramble System", "why": "on DVD-Video" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "DVD Forum specifications", "ECMA-267 DVD-ROM standard", "Copyright laws on circumvention such as the DMCA" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Disc rot and data loss", "Advising circumvention of copy protection", "Region incompatibility" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a DVD is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a DVD, and how does it differ from CDs, Blu-ray, HD DVD and streaming?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about playback, archiving, formats or copying, where copyright law applies?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "formats", "name": "Formats", "description": "Named formats.", "findings": [ { "id": "formats-finding", "name": "Formats", "description": "Formats.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are DVD-Video, DVD-Audio, DVD-ROM, recordable formats and MiniDVD, and what is a DVD cover?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific format?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "technology", "name": "Technology", "description": "Technology.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "optics", "name": "Optics", "description": "Optical storage.", "findings": [ { "id": "optics-finding", "name": "Optics", "description": "Optics.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do red lasers and pit sizes give DVDs more capacity than CDs?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "video", "name": "Video", "description": "DVD-Video.", "findings": [ { "id": "video-finding", "name": "Video", "description": "Video.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do MPEG-2, region codes and CSS work on DVD-Video?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights", "description": "Copy protection.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "css", "name": "CSS", "description": "Content Scramble System.", "findings": [ { "id": "css-finding", "name": "CSS", "description": "CSS.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is CSS, and what legal disputes followed DeCSS, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and free of circumvention guidance?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regions", "name": "Regions", "description": "Region codes.", "findings": [ { "id": "regions-finding", "name": "Regions", "description": "Regions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why were DVD region codes introduced?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits DVD region code?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Media history.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "formatwar", "name": "Format war", "description": "Successors.", "findings": [ { "id": "formatwar-finding", "name": "Format war", "description": "Format war.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did Blu-ray defeat HD DVD, and how did streaming reduce disc sales?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits high-definition optical disc format war?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "archiving", "name": "Archiving", "description": "Preservation.", "findings": [ { "id": "archiving-finding", "name": "Archiving", "description": "Archiving.", "questions": [ { "text": "How long do recordable DVDs last, and what do archivists recommend?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits digital preservation?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should DVD-Audio be a separate entry?", "How should preservation guidance be linked?", "Should DVD cover be moved to packaging entries?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a DVD, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain DVDs, relay technology, formats, region coding, copy protection and preservation from technical and media history sources, describe the named formats, and distinguish DVDs from CDs, Blu-ray discs, HD DVD and streaming.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: DVD±R, MiniDVD, DVD cover, DVD-Video, DVD-Audio, DVD-ROM, DVD card, DVD recordable, DVD-D, DVD slick, DVD-RW DL.", "11 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 104 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a DVD, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "DVD±R", "MiniDVD", "DVD cover", "DVD-Video", "DVD-Audio", "DVD-ROM", "DVD card", "DVD recordable", "DVD-D", "DVD slick", "DVD-RW DL" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 104 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 11 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one DVD from another, and a DVD from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a DVD sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a DVD from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a DVD passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a DVD between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a DVD, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a DVD is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a DVD proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a DVD, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a DVD and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a DVD consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a DVD takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What DVD is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of DVD are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is DVD operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of DVD and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of DVD?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as DVD?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a DVD came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a DVD and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a DVD is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a DVD, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a DVD, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a DVD is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }