{ "model": { "rank": 5253, "code": "thing-q53860", "model_id": "vr.tr.atomic-orbital", "name": "atomic orbital", "purpose": "Let an agent explain atomic orbitals and their quantum description, relay shapes, quantum numbers and filling rules from chemistry and physics references, describe their role in bonding and the periodic table, and distinguish orbitals from orbits and from molecular orbitals.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q53860/", "tier": 2, "score": 68, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "d-orbital", "p-orbital", "s-orbital", "h-orbital", "f-orbital", "g-orbital", "spin orbital", "Natural bond orbital", "Slater-type orbital" ], "aliasCount": 9, "merged": 9, "knownIn": 68, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q53860", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53860", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T04:20:51Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q53860", "registryId": "vr.tr.atomic-orbital", "name": "atomic orbital", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q53860/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.atomic-orbital", "name": "atomic orbital", "purpose": "Let an agent explain atomic orbitals and their quantum description, relay shapes, quantum numbers and filling rules from chemistry and physics references, describe their role in bonding and the periodic table, and distinguish orbitals from orbits and from molecular orbitals.", "definition": "A mathematical function describing the wave-like behaviour of an electron in an atom, whose square gives the probability of finding the electron in a region of space, characterised by quantum numbers and classified by angular momentum into s, p, d, f, g, h and higher orbitals with characteristic shapes, spherical for s orbitals, dumbbell for p orbitals and cloverleaf for most d orbitals; atomic orbitals fill according to the aufbau principle and combine into molecular orbitals, underpinning the periodic table and chemical bonding.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a quantum mechanical concept.", "affordances": [ "explain the concept", "relay shapes and quantum numbers", "describe filling and bonding", "distinguish from orbits" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Probability description", "Quantum numbers", "Characteristic shapes", "Basis of the periodic table" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; probability clouds drawn as shapes.", "visual_identification": [ "Electron wavefunction in an atom", "s, p, d, f, g and h orbitals with characteristic shapes", "Bohr orbits are classical paths; molecular orbitals span molecules" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "s orbitals per shell", "typical_range": "1", "unit": "count", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "p orbitals per shell", "typical_range": "3", "unit": "count", "note": "from n = 2" }, { "quantity": "d orbitals per shell", "typical_range": "5", "unit": "count", "note": "from n = 3" }, { "quantity": "f orbitals per shell", "typical_range": "7", "unit": "count", "note": "from n = 4" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "s orbitals", "p orbitals", "d orbitals", "f orbitals", "g, h and higher orbitals unoccupied in ground states", "hydrogen-like and many-electron orbitals", "hybrid orbitals as combinations" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "orbital", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "function", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is described by", "target": "Schrodinger equation", "why": "for the hydrogen atom" }, { "relation": "combines into", "target": "molecular orbital", "why": "in bonding" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "IUPAC conventions for orbital notation", "No regulation" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing orbitals with orbits", "Treating orbital pictures as literal boundaries", "Misapplying hydrogen orbitals to many-electron atoms" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What an atomic orbital is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is an atomic orbital, and how does it describe electron probability rather than a path?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about atomic orbitals, Bohr orbits or molecular orbitals?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "types", "name": "Types", "description": "Types and shapes.", "findings": [ { "id": "types-finding", "name": "Types", "description": "Types.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are s, p, d, f, g and h orbitals, and what shapes and quantum numbers characterise them?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific orbital type?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "theory", "name": "Theory", "description": "Quantum theory.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "quantum", "name": "Quantum", "description": "Quantum numbers and equations.", "findings": [ { "id": "quantum-finding", "name": "Quantum", "description": "Quantum.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the Schrodinger equation and quantum numbers n, l and m define orbitals?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "manyelectron", "name": "Many-electron", "description": "Many-electron atoms.", "findings": [ { "id": "manyelectron-finding", "name": "Many-electron", "description": "Many-electron.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do orbitals change in many-electron atoms, and what are shielding and penetration?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits electron configuration?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "apply", "name": "Apply", "description": "Chemistry.", "rationale": "Application.", "layers": [ { "id": "filling", "name": "Filling", "description": "Filling and the periodic table.", "findings": [ { "id": "filling-finding", "name": "Filling", "description": "Filling.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the aufbau principle, Hund rules and the Pauli principle fill orbitals and explain the periodic table?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "bonding", "name": "Bonding", "description": "Bonding.", "findings": [ { "id": "bonding-finding", "name": "Bonding", "description": "Bonding.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do atomic orbitals hybridise and combine into molecular orbitals?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits molecular orbital theory?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and teaching.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did orbitals emerge from Bohr, Schrodinger and Mulliken work?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of quantum chemistry?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "teaching", "name": "Teaching", "description": "Teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "teaching-finding", "name": "Teaching", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are orbitals taught and visualised, and what misconceptions arise?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits chemistry education?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should molecular orbital and hybrid orbital be separate primary entries?", "How should physics and chemistry references be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming orbital types; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a atomic orbital, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain atomic orbitals and their quantum description, relay shapes, quantum numbers and filling rules from chemistry and physics references, describe their role in bonding and the periodic table, and distinguish orbitals from orbits and from molecular orbitals.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: d-orbital, p-orbital, s-orbital, h-orbital, f-orbital, g-orbital, spin orbital, Natural bond orbital, Slater-type orbital.", "9 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 68 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a atomic orbital, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "d-orbital", "p-orbital", "s-orbital", "h-orbital", "f-orbital", "g-orbital", "spin orbital", "Natural bond orbital", "Slater-type orbital" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 68 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 9 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one atomic orbital from another, and a atomic orbital from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a atomic orbital, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a atomic orbital, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a atomic orbital is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a atomic orbital, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a atomic orbital, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a atomic orbital is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a atomic orbital sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a atomic orbital, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a atomic orbital, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a atomic orbital is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a atomic orbital from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a atomic orbital, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a atomic orbital, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a atomic orbital is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a atomic orbital passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a atomic orbital between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a atomic orbital, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a atomic orbital, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a atomic orbital is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a atomic orbital, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a atomic orbital is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a atomic orbital, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a atomic orbital, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a atomic orbital is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What atomic orbital is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of atomic orbital are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is atomic orbital operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of atomic orbital and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of atomic orbital?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as atomic orbital?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a atomic orbital came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a atomic orbital and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a atomic orbital, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a atomic orbital, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a atomic orbital is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a atomic orbital is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a atomic orbital, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a atomic orbital, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a atomic orbital is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }