{ "model": { "rank": 515, "code": "thing-q577", "model_id": "vr.tr.year", "name": "year", "purpose": "Let an agent handle years by definition (calendar, tropical, fiscal, academic), calendar system and numbering, and avoid errors from mismatched year definitions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.TME", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q577/", "tier": 2, "score": 248, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "even year", "odd year", "century year", "commemorative year", "educational year", "level of education in France", "Yang Metal Dragon", "FRBR equinox", "year of multiple elections", "vintage year", "model year", "tropical year", "Marian year", "fiscal year", "last year", "year of death", "Julian year", "year of birth", "sidereal year", "wheel of the year", "Gaussian year", "anomalistic year", "Tropenjaar", "one-year-period overlapping two calendar years", "calendar year", "themed year", "year of the Cuban Revolution", "BH calendar year", "Gregorian year", "Ethiopian year", "Hebrew calendar year", "annus horribilis", "annus mirabilis", "draconic year", "base year", "jubilee", "academic year", "Japanese fiscal/school year", "Holocene calendar year", "Julian calendar year" ], "aliasCount": 128, "merged": 128, "knownIn": 248, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.year-2", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q577", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T04:52:40Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q577", "registryId": "vr.tr.year", "name": "year", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.TME" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q577/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.year", "name": "year", "purpose": "Let an agent handle years by definition (calendar, tropical, fiscal, academic), calendar system and numbering, and avoid errors from mismatched year definitions.", "definition": "The time the Earth takes to orbit the Sun, about 365.24 days, and the calendar unit of 365 or 366 days based on it; also used for other year definitions such as school or fiscal years.", "what_it_is_for": "Organising time into seasons and annual cycles for law, business, education and culture.", "affordances": [ "count and number years, in a calendar era", "define custom years, such as fiscal or academic", "convert between calendars", "account for leap years" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Several definitions: tropical, sidereal, calendar, fiscal, academic", "Calendar years depend on the calendar system", "Leap years keep the calendar aligned with seasons", "Some systems name years instead of numbering them" ], "appearance": "Not a thing to see; shown as a number (2026), a label (FY2026/27) or a name in some calendars (such as Yang Metal Dragon in the Chinese cycle).", "visual_identification": [ "Four-digit year numbers in the Gregorian calendar", "Fiscal and academic year labels spanning two calendar years", "Names in cyclical calendars" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "tropical year", "typical_range": "365.2422", "unit": "days", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Gregorian calendar year", "typical_range": "365 or 366", "unit": "days", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Julian year (astronomy)", "typical_range": "365.25", "unit": "days", "note": "used for light years" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "calendar year", "tropical and sidereal year", "fiscal year", "academic or school year", "leap year, even and odd years, century years", "commemorative years" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is made of", "target": "day", "why": "365 or 366 days" }, { "relation": "is part of", "target": "calendar", "why": "calendar system" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "fiscal year", "why": "business and government years differ" }, { "relation": "names", "target": "calendar date", "why": "the year component of dates" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ISO 8601 year", "value_or_pattern": "YYYY", "note": "with extended forms for years outside 0000-9999" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ISO 8601", "National laws defining fiscal years", "IAU definitions of Julian year" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Mixing calendar and fiscal years", "Leap year bugs such as 29 February handling", "Year 2038 and similar overflow limits in software", "Converting historical years across calendar reforms" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Which year.", "rationale": "Year definitions differ; the definition must be explicit.", "layers": [ { "id": "kind", "name": "Kind", "description": "Calendar, fiscal, academic, astronomical.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-finding", "name": "Year kind", "description": "The kind of year.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which kind of year is meant here?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "When does it start and end?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "calendar", "name": "Calendar", "description": "Gregorian or other.", "findings": [ { "id": "calendar-finding", "name": "Calendar", "description": "The calendar used.", "questions": [ { "text": "In which calendar is this year counted?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What is its Gregorian equivalent?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "length", "name": "Length", "description": "Days in the year.", "rationale": "Leap rules matter for calculations.", "layers": [ { "id": "leap", "name": "Leap years", "description": "Rules.", "findings": [ { "id": "leap-finding", "name": "Leap rule", "description": "The leap rule.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this a leap year under the applicable rule?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "How is 29 February handled in this system?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "duration", "name": "Duration", "description": "Astronomical lengths.", "findings": [ { "id": "duration-finding", "name": "Duration", "description": "Which length is used.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which year length does this calculation assume?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How much error does that introduce?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "numbering", "name": "Numbering", "description": "Eras and names.", "rationale": "Years are numbered or named differently across cultures.", "layers": [ { "id": "era", "name": "Era", "description": "CE, AH, other eras.", "findings": [ { "id": "era-finding", "name": "Era", "description": "The era and numbering.", "questions": [ { "text": "In which era is the year numbered?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is there a year zero in this system?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "names", "name": "Names", "description": "Cyclical names.", "findings": [ { "id": "names-finding", "name": "Year names", "description": "Names in cyclical calendars.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the name of this year in the relevant cyclical calendar?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "When does that year begin?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use", "name": "Use", "description": "Years in law, business and software.", "rationale": "Year boundaries drive deadlines, accounts and software behaviour.", "layers": [ { "id": "business", "name": "Fiscal and academic years", "description": "Institutional years.", "findings": [ { "id": "business-finding", "name": "Institutional year", "description": "The institutional year definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which fiscal or academic year applies, and how is it labelled?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Who defines it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "software", "name": "Software limits", "description": "Date limits and bugs.", "findings": [ { "id": "software-finding", "name": "Software limits", "description": "Known year-related limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the system handle leap years and dates beyond 2038 correctly?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How is the year stored?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each kind of year be a separate entry?", "How should fiscal years be recorded per organisation and country?", "How should cyclical year names be linked to numbers?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a year, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle years by definition (calendar, tropical, fiscal, academic), calendar system and numbering, and avoid errors from mismatched year definitions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: even year, odd year, century year, commemorative year, educational year, level of education in France, Yang Metal Dragon, FRBR equinox, year of multiple elections, vintage year, model year, tropical year.", "128 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 248 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a year, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "even year", "odd year", "century year", "commemorative year", "educational year", "level of education in France", "Yang Metal Dragon", "FRBR equinox", "year of multiple elections", "vintage year", "model year", "tropical year" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 248 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 128 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one year from another, and a year from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a year, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a year, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a year is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a year, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a year, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a year is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a year sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a year, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a year, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a year is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a year from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a year, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a year, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a year is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a year passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a year between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a year, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a year, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a year is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a year, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a year is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a year, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a year, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a year is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What year is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of year are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is year operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of year and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of year?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as year?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a year came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a year and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a year, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a year, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a year is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a year is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a year, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a year, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a year is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }