{ "model": { "rank": 4041, "code": "thing-q58803", "model_id": "vr.tr.solar-cell", "name": "solar cell", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a solar cell, interpret its photovoltaic performance and condition, and determine suitable handling, testing and integration actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q58803/", "tier": 2, "score": 79, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "organic photovoltaic cell", "bifacial solar cell", "bulk heterojunction", "Heterojunction solar cell", "Hexagon solar cells", "organic solar cell", "Nanocrystal solar cell", "perovskite solar cell", "Quantum dot solar cell", "Schottky junction solar cell", "Tin based perovskite solar cells", "Organic solar cell", "Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells", "Hybrid solar cell", "Cadmium telluride photovoltaics", "multijunction photovoltaic cell", "Thin film solar cell", "Plasmonic solar cell", "dye-sensitized solar cell", "polymer solar cell", "photoelectrochemical cell" ], "aliasCount": 21, "merged": 21, "knownIn": 79, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q58803", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58803", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T19:20:59Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0879c-cd44-7d92-b6e1-338fb3390f80\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: solar cell\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 regis", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 64.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0879c-cd55-7450-86b7-e0ce07eb89a1\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: solar cell\nRegistry id: vr.tr.solar-cell\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nCo" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q58803", "registryId": "vr.tr.solar-cell", "name": "solar cell", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q58803/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.solar-cell", "name": "solar cell", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a solar cell, interpret its photovoltaic performance and condition, and determine suitable handling, testing and integration actions.", "definition": "A solar cell is a semiconductor device that converts incident light directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect, producing direct current when connected to a load.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the solar cell as a kind of physical device that converts incident light directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect, including the cell-level attributes needed to assess particular designs and specimens.", "in_scope": [ "Photovoltaic conversion function and the boundary of an individual cell", "Absorber materials, junction architecture, optical surfaces and electrical contacts", "Cell-level electrical and spectral performance under recorded test conditions", "Physical condition, degradation mechanisms and handling constraints", "Compatibility with interconnection, encapsulation and intended illumination environments" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Photovoltaic modules, panels and arrays as assembled products", "Inverters, charge controllers, batteries and power-system operation", "Solar thermal collectors and heat engines", "Semiconductor materials considered independently of a photovoltaic device", "Manufacturing equipment and complete fabrication processes", "Installation economics, site design and electricity-market participation" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Its intended function is to deliver electrical power from illumination; a photodetector is primarily assessed for sensing performance, even when the underlying physics overlaps.", "It converts light directly through photovoltaic action rather than collecting heat for subsequent conversion.", "Its identity is established at the cell-device boundary; an assembly of interconnected cells does not become a single cell merely because it has one external terminal pair.", "A tandem or multijunction designation requires recording the internal photovoltaic junctions and device boundary rather than assuming every junction is a separately handled cell.", "The model describes the registered kind; a commercial part number and a particular manufactured specimen are linked identities rather than separate definitions of solar cell." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Absorber and junction architecture", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Declared absorber material system; single-junction, tandem, multijunction or other documented architecture", "why_it_matters": "Determines which operating assumptions, measurements and degradation evidence apply." }, { "name": "Cell boundary and terminal configuration", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Discrete or monolithically defined cell boundary; terminal count, polarity and contact arrangement", "why_it_matters": "Prevents confusion between a cell, its internal subcells and a module." }, { "name": "Geometry and reference area", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Length, width and thickness in mm or µm; area in cm² with total, aperture or active-area basis", "why_it_matters": "Supports mechanical integration and makes current-density and efficiency comparisons interpretable." }, { "name": "Illumination conditions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Irradiance in W/m²; spectral distribution or reference spectrum; illuminated side and spatial uniformity", "why_it_matters": "Electrical output cannot be compared meaningfully without the incident-light conditions." }, { "name": "Cell temperature", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "°C, with measurement location and method", "why_it_matters": "Separates temperature-dependent behaviour from changes in illumination or cell condition." }, { "name": "Current-voltage performance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Current-voltage curve; open-circuit voltage in V; short-circuit current in A; maximum-power voltage in V, current in A and power in W", "why_it_matters": "Establishes usable output and exposes departures from expected electrical behaviour." }, { "name": "Conversion efficiency", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "%, with incident-power basis, reference area and test conditions", "why_it_matters": "Expresses conversion performance without treating differently measured results as equivalent." }, { "name": "Spectral response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "External quantum efficiency in % versus wavelength in nm, or responsivity in A/W versus wavelength in nm", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment under spectra that differ from the original performance test." }, { "name": "Condition and exposure history", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Observed defects, measured performance change, exposure history and assessment confidence", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes appearance, electrical functionality and demonstrated stability." }, { "name": "Integration and handling limits", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to applicable interconnection methods, packaging requirements, handling instructions and documented operating limits", "why_it_matters": "Constrains which tests and assembly actions can be performed on the cell." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify whether a described device belongs at the solar-cell boundary and link it to its containing module where applicable.", "Select and interpret cell-level electrical tests with explicit illumination, temperature and area assumptions.", "Compare candidate cells for a stated spectrum, operating temperature and mechanical interface.", "Assess whether observed defects or performance changes justify further testing, restricted use or rejection.", "Check proposed handling and interconnection actions against documented cell-specific limits.", "Record unresolved evidence before recommending integration or continued use." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "photovoltaic-identity", "name": "Photovoltaic identity", "description": "Establishes what counts as the cell and what conversion function it performs.", "rationale": "Cell, junction, detector and module boundaries can otherwise produce duplicate or misleading records.", "layers": [ { "id": "conversion-function", "name": "Conversion function", "description": "Identifies the intended light-to-electricity function.", "findings": [ { "id": "photovoltaic-power-role", "name": "Photovoltaic power role", "description": "Record evidence that the device is intended to supply electrical power from incident light.", "questions": [ { "text": "What establishes photovoltaic power generation as the device's intended function?", "kind": "definition", "id": "photovoltaic-power-role-q01" }, { "text": "Does the described item instead belong to a photodetector or solar thermal collector model?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "photovoltaic-power-role-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cell-device-boundary", "name": "Cell device boundary", "description": "Separates the cell from internal junctions and surrounding assemblies.", "findings": [ { "id": "junction-cell-module-boundary", "name": "Junction, cell and module boundary", "description": "Record the physical and electrical basis for treating the item as one cell.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which absorber regions, junctions and terminals belong to this cell?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "junction-cell-module-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "For a tandem or monolithically interconnected structure, what documentation establishes the cell boundary?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "junction-cell-module-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion-architecture", "name": "Conversion architecture", "description": "Describes the materials and structures responsible for light absorption and charge collection.", "rationale": "Architecture determines which performance expectations and integration constraints are relevant.", "layers": [ { "id": "absorbers-and-junctions", "name": "Absorbers and junctions", "description": "Records the photovoltaic material system and arrangement of conversion regions.", "findings": [ { "id": "active-material-stack", "name": "Active material stack", "description": "Identify documented absorber materials and junction configuration without inferring hidden layers from a technology label.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which absorber materials and junction arrangement are documented for this cell design?", "kind": "definition", "id": "active-material-stack-q01" }, { "text": "Which architectural details are supported by design records or measurements, and which remain unknown?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "active-material-stack-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "optical-and-electrical-surfaces", "name": "Optical and electrical surfaces", "description": "Describes light-entry surfaces and paths for collecting electrical output.", "findings": [ { "id": "illumination-and-contact-layout", "name": "Illumination and contact layout", "description": "Record intended illuminated faces, optical treatments and contact positions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which faces are intended to receive light, and what optical coatings or textures are documented?", "kind": "definition", "id": "illumination-and-contact-layout-q01" }, { "text": "Where are the electrical contacts, what are their polarities, and which surfaces must remain unobstructed?", "kind": "action", "id": "illumination-and-contact-layout-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measured-photovoltaic-performance", "name": "Measured photovoltaic performance", "description": "Makes cell output and conversion metrics traceable to their measurement basis.", "rationale": "An efficiency or power value alone cannot establish comparable or usable performance.", "layers": [ { "id": "electrical-output", "name": "Electrical output", "description": "Captures current-voltage behaviour and the available power operating point.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-voltage-characterisation", "name": "Current-voltage characterisation", "description": "Record measured electrical behaviour with enough detail to distinguish a transient sweep from sustained output.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the current-voltage curve, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current and maximum-power point under the stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-voltage-characterisation-q01" }, { "text": "How were sweep direction, sweep rate, preconditioning and any stabilised power measurement recorded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "current-voltage-characterisation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement-reference-basis", "name": "Measurement reference basis", "description": "Defines incident light, cell temperature and area conventions behind reported results.", "findings": [ { "id": "comparable-efficiency-evidence", "name": "Comparable efficiency evidence", "description": "Attach reference conditions and uncertainty to reported conversion efficiency.", "questions": [ { "text": "What irradiance, spectrum, cell temperature and area definition were used to calculate efficiency?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "comparable-efficiency-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which test method, calibration evidence and uncertainty statement support the result?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "comparable-efficiency-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operating-fit-and-integration", "name": "Operating fit and integration", "description": "Relates cell behaviour to its intended illumination environment and assembly interface.", "rationale": "Suitability depends on operating conditions and connection constraints beyond a headline power rating.", "layers": [ { "id": "illumination-and-temperature-response", "name": "Illumination and temperature response", "description": "Assesses performance across the intended spectrum, irradiance and temperature range.", "findings": [ { "id": "environment-dependent-output", "name": "Environment-dependent output", "description": "Record evidence for translating measured performance to the intended use conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What measured spectral, irradiance and temperature responses support the intended operating environment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "environment-dependent-output-q01" }, { "text": "What further evidence is needed before using this cell under low light, rear illumination or concentrated light?", "kind": "action", "id": "environment-dependent-output-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "assembly-interface", "name": "Assembly interface", "description": "Defines mechanical support, electrical connection and protection requirements at the cell boundary.", "findings": [ { "id": "interconnection-and-packaging-fit", "name": "Interconnection and packaging fit", "description": "Record cell-specific limits that constrain incorporation into a larger photovoltaic assembly.", "questions": [ { "text": "What dimensions, contact geometry, attachment methods and thermal or mechanical limits constrain assembly?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "interconnection-and-packaging-fit-q01" }, { "text": "Which requirements for encapsulation, current matching and reverse-bias protection must be satisfied by the containing assembly?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "interconnection-and-packaging-fit-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-permitted-actions", "name": "Condition and permitted actions", "description": "Connects defect and exposure evidence to handling, testing and disposition decisions.", "rationale": "A cell may appear intact yet have impaired output, while handling and test procedures can introduce additional damage.", "layers": [ { "id": "defects-and-degradation", "name": "Defects and degradation", "description": "Distinguishes observed damage from measured performance loss and proposed causes.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-evidence", "name": "Condition evidence", "description": "Record relevant cracks, contact damage, corrosion or other anomalies together with electrical evidence and exposure history.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which defects are observed, by what inspection method, and with what confidence?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "condition-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What repeat measurements under comparable conditions establish performance change, and what evidence supports its attributed cause?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "condition-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-testing-and-disposition", "name": "Handling, testing and disposition", "description": "Defines evidence-based actions for a cell in its current condition.", "findings": [ { "id": "action-limits-and-acceptance", "name": "Action limits and acceptance", "description": "Link proposed actions to documented material, mechanical, thermal and electrical constraints.", "questions": [ { "text": "What documented precautions apply to gripping, bending, contacting, illuminating and electrically testing this cell?", "kind": "action", "id": "action-limits-and-acceptance-q01" }, { "text": "What acceptance criteria and applicable cell-level test requirements justify integration, retesting, rejection or material-specific recovery?", "kind": "action", "id": "action-limits-and-acceptance-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the device class, not a particular product, module or installation.", "Numerical ranges are approximate recall-based values for crystalline silicon cells, not limits covering all technologies; standard test conditions also specify a reference solar spectrum.", "Verify current standard editions and technology-specific performance and degradation data before engineering use; no sources were consulted." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of solar cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Monocrystalline silicon cells", "Multicrystalline silicon cells", "Amorphous silicon thin-film cells", "Cadmium telluride thin-film cells", "Copper indium gallium diselenide thin-film cells", "Multijunction cells" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of solar cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "IEC 60904-1, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics.", "IEC 60904-3, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic devices with reference spectral irradiance data.", "IEC 60904-9, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: classification of solar simulator characteristics." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of solar cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Connected into modules for rooftop and utility-scale electricity generation.", "Power generation for spacecraft and satellites.", "Electricity supply for remote sensors, communications equipment and off-grid systems.", "Powering small devices such as calculators.", "Operation under concentrated sunlight in suitably designed photovoltaic systems." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of solar cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Voltage at maximum power for a single crystalline silicon cell under strong illumination", "typical_range": "Approximately 0.5-0.7", "unit": "V" }, { "quantity": "Short-circuit current density for crystalline silicon cells under standard test conditions", "typical_range": "Approximately 30-45", "unit": "mA/cm²" }, { "quantity": "Reference irradiance for standard terrestrial test conditions", "typical_range": "1000; a reference condition rather than an operating range", "unit": "W/m²" }, { "quantity": "Reference cell temperature for standard terrestrial test conditions", "typical_range": "25; a reference condition rather than an operating range", "unit": "°C" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of solar cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Mechanical cracks can interrupt current collection and reduce output.", "Contact corrosion or metallization degradation can increase electrical resistance.", "Partial shading in a series-connected assembly can reverse-bias affected cells and cause damaging local heating.", "Light exposure and elevated temperature can cause technology-dependent degradation.", "Some cell technologies contain hazardous constituents that require appropriate manufacturing and end-of-life handling; intact encapsulated devices have different exposure conditions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of solar cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Local sunlight spectrum, temperature and seasonal illumination affect energy yield.", "Electrical installation, product certification and waste-handling requirements vary by jurisdiction and commonly apply to modules or complete systems." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of solar cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Photovoltaic module", "difference": "A module is a packaged, interconnected assembly of cells; a cell is an individual conversion device." }, { "name": "Solar thermal collector", "difference": "A thermal collector delivers useful heat, whereas a solar cell delivers electrical energy." }, { "name": "Photodiode", "difference": "A photodiode is typically optimized for light detection; a solar cell is optimized for extracting electrical power, although their underlying physics overlaps." }, { "name": "Battery", "difference": "A battery stores and releases chemical energy; a solar cell generates electricity from incident light and does not inherently store it." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of solar cell this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which existing Vercy models already own photovoltaic-device or solar-cell concepts, and should this registry entry link to one of them?", "Which boundary convention should apply to tandem subcells, cut cells and monolithically interconnected thin-film structures?", "Which current standards and issuing bodies govern cell-level measurement for each included technology, and which qualification claims apply only to completed modules?", "What sourced ranges of dimensions, efficiency and operating limits are representative within each technology and application, without becoming universal requirements?", "Which technology-specific degradation tests, stabilisation procedures and acceptance thresholds have sufficient evidence to support action recommendations?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a solar cell, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a solar cell, interpret its photovoltaic performance and condition, and determine suitable handling, testing and integration actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: organic photovoltaic cell, bifacial solar cell, bulk heterojunction, Heterojunction solar cell, Hexagon solar cells, organic solar cell, Nanocrystal solar cell, perovskite solar cell, Quantum dot solar cell, Schottky junction solar cell, Tin based perovskite solar cells, Organic solar cell.", "21 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 79 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a solar cell, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "organic photovoltaic cell", "bifacial solar cell", "bulk heterojunction", "Heterojunction solar cell", "Hexagon solar cells", "organic solar cell", "Nanocrystal solar cell", "perovskite solar cell", "Quantum dot solar cell", "Schottky junction solar cell", "Tin based perovskite solar cells", "Organic solar cell" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 79 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 21 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one solar cell from another, and a solar cell from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a solar cell sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a solar cell from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a solar cell is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a solar cell is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a solar cell is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a solar cell is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a solar cell is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a solar cell is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a solar cell passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a solar cell between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a solar cell, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a solar cell is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What solar cell is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does solar cell perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise solar cell, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How solar cell is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does solar cell have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does solar cell need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about solar cell is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about solar cell hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern solar cell, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a solar cell came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a solar cell and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a solar cell is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a solar cell, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a solar cell, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a solar cell is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }