{ "model": { "rank": 3144, "code": "thing-q58952", "model_id": "vr.tr.hiccups", "name": "hiccups", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a reported or observed hiccup episode, assess its course and impact, and identify what observation, support or further assessment may be appropriate.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q58952/", "tier": 2, "score": 90, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "chronic hiccup" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 90, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q58952", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58952", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T15:03:34Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.04095288, "turns": 3, "seconds": 156.4, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 78.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c63-0359-7c62-9399-930583d1c279\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: hiccups\nRegistry id: vr.tr.hiccups\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.STA\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy m" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q58952", "registryId": "vr.tr.hiccups", "name": "hiccups", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q58952/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.hiccups", "name": "hiccups", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a reported or observed hiccup episode, assess its course and impact, and identify what observation, support or further assessment may be appropriate.", "definition": "Hiccups (singultus) are stereotyped involuntary inspiratory myoclonic contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, immediately followed by glottic closure that interrupts airflow and produces the 'hic' sound, generated by a reflex arc whose afferents run in the phrenic and vagus nerves and T6-T12 sympathetics and whose putative centre lies in the medulla and C3-C5 cord.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identity, observable pattern, temporal course, associated circumstances, functional effects and response history of hiccup episodes, while preserving uncertainty about recognition and cause.", "in_scope": [ "Reported or observed hiccup events and the evidence supporting their identification", "Grouping events into episodes, including interruptions and recurrence", "Episode timing, event frequency and changes in pattern", "Possible triggers, associated symptoms and relevant contextual changes", "Effects on eating, drinking, sleeping, breathing, speaking and daily activity", "Actions attempted, observed responses and assessment status" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Diagnosis and management of diseases that may underlie hiccups", "Complete models of coughing, belching, sneezing, reflux or vomiting", "General respiratory physiology and unrelated breathing disorders", "Medication prescribing, dosing and comprehensive medication records", "The person's complete medical history or overall functional status" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Determine whether the event includes an abrupt involuntary inspiratory jerk with a characteristic catch or 'hic'; record which components were reported or observed.", "Distinguish the inspiratory catch from an expulsive cough; sound alone may leave the event uncertain.", "Distinguish the jerk-and-catch event from a belch dominated by release of gas, while allowing both events to occur together.", "Distinguish hiccups from retching or vomiting by recording whether retching movements or expulsion of stomach contents occur as separate accompanying events.", "Distinguish individual hiccups from a sustained breathing disturbance; record accompanying breathing difficulty separately rather than assuming hiccups explain it." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Recognition evidence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Person's report; witness report; direct observation; audio or video; clinical assessment; recognition uncertain", "why_it_matters": "Separates a named complaint from evidence that the observed events are hiccups." }, { "name": "Observed event components", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Inspiratory jerk; audible catch; visible chest or abdominal movement; components absent or unobserved", "why_it_matters": "Supports recognition without requiring every event to be audible or directly witnessed." }, { "name": "Episode duration", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Minutes, hours or days from reported onset to cessation or latest observation, with uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Makes sustained episodes distinguishable from brief bouts and avoids treating an ongoing duration as final." }, { "name": "Hiccup frequency", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Events per minute over a stated observation window; range if variable", "why_it_matters": "Describes event density independently of how long the episode has lasted." }, { "name": "Episode course", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Ongoing; intermittent; apparently ceased; recurred; current state unknown", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to distinguish temporary pauses from observed cessation and later recurrence." }, { "name": "Hiccup-free intervals", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Minutes, hours or days, distinguishing observed absence from missing observation", "why_it_matters": "Supports defensible episode boundaries." }, { "name": "Possible precipitant", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Time-linked meal, drink, activity, procedure, medication change or other event; suspected, repeatedly associated or clinically attributed", "why_it_matters": "Preserves useful context without converting temporal association into a causal conclusion." }, { "name": "Associated symptoms", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked symptom observations with onset, severity and timing relative to hiccups", "why_it_matters": "Keeps symptoms requiring separate attention visible." }, { "name": "Functional interference", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "For eating, drinking, sleeping, speaking, breathing and activity: none reported; disrupted; prevented; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Captures consequences that event count and duration alone cannot express." }, { "name": "Response to an attempted action", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "No observed change; reduced frequency; temporary cessation; sustained cessation during follow-up; worsened; adverse effect; unclear", "why_it_matters": "Records outcomes while allowing for spontaneous resolution and incomplete follow-up." } ], "affordances": [ "Characterise a suspected hiccup event and record uncertainty when competing explanations remain.", "Track episode duration, frequency, pauses and recurrence using explicit observation windows.", "Compare episodes for repeated associations with meals, activities or other contextual changes.", "Summarise interference and accompanying symptoms for a person or clinician assessing the episode.", "Record attempted actions and their outcomes without treating a single apparent response as proof of efficacy.", "Apply an explicitly sourced assessment policy to the recorded duration, burden and accompanying symptoms, or flag that the policy is missing." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "statpearls-singultus", "title": "Singultus", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538225/", "what_it_supports": "Specialist definition, duration classes, reflex-arc anatomy, frequency 4-60/min, epidemiology, evaluation, treatment including FDA status of chlorpromazine, complications, and the absence of a dedicated guideline.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "merck-hiccups", "title": "Hiccups - Merck Manual Professional Edition", "url": "https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/hiccups", "what_it_supports": "Clinical definition as diaphragmatic spasm plus glottic closure; persistent (>2 days) versus intractable (>1 month); gastric distention and alcohol as common transient triggers.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "cleveland-clinic-hiccups", "title": "Hiccups, Causes & Treatment", "url": "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17672-hiccups", "what_it_supports": "Practice classification into transient, persistent, intractable and recurrent hiccups; synonyms hiccough and singultus; advice to seek care after two days.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "icd10cm-r066", "title": "2026 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R06.6: Hiccough", "url": "https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/R00-R99/R00-R09/R06-/R06.6", "what_it_supports": "ICD-10-CM code R06.6 for hiccough/hiccup/singultus as a coded respiratory symptom.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "medgen-chronic", "title": "Chronic hiccup (Concept Id: C0744898)", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/900733", "what_it_supports": "SNOMED CT 716771000, Orphanet ORPHA396, MONDO:0018334, and the >48-hour definition of chronic hiccup as a rare movement disorder.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wikidata-q58952", "title": "hiccup (Q58952)", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58952", "what_it_supports": "Crosswalk of Wikidata Q58952 to ICD-10 R06.6, ICD-11 MD11.6, MeSH D006606, UMLS C0019521 and related identifiers.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "hiccup-recognition", "name": "Hiccup recognition", "description": "Establish what was experienced or observed and how securely it can be identified as hiccups.", "rationale": "A person's label or a short sound recording may not distinguish hiccups from neighbouring events.", "layers": [ { "id": "jerk-and-catch", "name": "Jerk and catch", "description": "Capture the event components that support recognition.", "findings": [ { "id": "event-signature", "name": "Event signature", "description": "Record the abrupt inspiratory movement, associated catch or sound, and whether the event felt involuntary.", "questions": [ { "text": "What inspiratory jerk, catch, sound or visible movement was present during the suspected hiccup?", "kind": "definition", "id": "event-signature-q01" }, { "text": "Who observed or reported these components, and through what observation method?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "event-signature-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "neighbouring-events", "name": "Neighbouring events", "description": "Resolve or preserve ambiguity with coughs, belches, retching and other movements.", "findings": [ { "id": "alternative-event-check", "name": "Alternative event check", "description": "Keep competing event identities and separately occurring symptoms explicit.", "questions": [ { "text": "What distinguishes the event from coughing, belching, retching or another involuntary movement in this observation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "alternative-event-check-q01" }, { "text": "Are these other events occurring alongside recognisable hiccups, or does their presence leave the hiccup identification uncertain?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "alternative-event-check-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "episode-course", "name": "Episode course", "description": "Describe how individual hiccups form bouts and how those bouts continue, pause or recur.", "rationale": "The same event frequency can occur in a brief bout or a prolonged problem, with different implications for assessment.", "layers": [ { "id": "onset-and-boundaries", "name": "Onset and boundaries", "description": "Anchor episode timing and distinguish a pause from a new episode.", "findings": [ { "id": "episode-continuity", "name": "Episode continuity", "description": "Represent onset, latest activity and hiccup-free intervals without filling gaps in observation.", "questions": [ { "text": "When did this episode begin, when was the latest hiccup, and how certain are those times?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "episode-continuity-q01" }, { "text": "What hiccup-free interval supports treating later events as a recurrence rather than continuation, and was that interval observed or assumed?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "episode-continuity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "frequency-and-variation", "name": "Frequency and variation", "description": "Track event density and its changes within and between bouts.", "findings": [ { "id": "measured-hiccup-pattern", "name": "Measured hiccup pattern", "description": "Record counts and spacing within stated windows, including changes around sleep and waking when observed.", "questions": [ { "text": "How many hiccups occurred during a stated observation window, and how regular was their spacing?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measured-hiccup-pattern-q01" }, { "text": "How did frequency and pauses change across the episode, including any observed sleep period?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measured-hiccup-pattern-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "precipitants-and-associations", "name": "Precipitants and associations", "description": "Connect hiccup episodes to relevant circumstances while keeping suspected causes provisional.", "rationale": "Repeated contextual patterns can inform assessment, but temporal proximity alone does not establish why hiccups occurred.", "layers": [ { "id": "immediate-context", "name": "Immediate context", "description": "Capture activities and exposures around onset or changes in frequency.", "findings": [ { "id": "onset-linked-events", "name": "Onset-linked events", "description": "Record potentially relevant meals, drinks and activities, including their timing and recurrence.", "questions": [ { "text": "What eating, drinking or other activity immediately preceded onset or a marked change in hiccups?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "onset-linked-events-q01" }, { "text": "Has the same sequence occurred in other episodes, and has that activity also occurred without hiccups?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "onset-linked-events-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "clinical-context", "name": "Clinical context", "description": "Link relevant health changes without embedding an underlying disease model.", "findings": [ { "id": "health-change-associations", "name": "Health-change associations", "description": "Preserve the timing and attribution of associated symptoms, illnesses, procedures and medication changes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which symptoms, illnesses, procedures or medication changes preceded or accompanied this episode, and by how long?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "health-change-associations-q01" }, { "text": "Is any proposed cause a person's suspicion, a repeated association or a documented clinical assessment?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "health-change-associations-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "burden-and-response", "name": "Burden and response", "description": "Represent the practical consequences of hiccups and the evidence available for choosing or evaluating a next action.", "rationale": "An episode's significance depends on functional interference, accompanying symptoms and its course after attempted actions.", "layers": [ { "id": "interference-and-assessment", "name": "Interference and assessment", "description": "Make disruption and any need for further assessment explicit.", "findings": [ { "id": "episode-impact", "name": "Episode impact", "description": "Record what hiccups interrupt or prevent, with accompanying symptoms evaluated separately.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are hiccups affecting eating, drinking, sleeping, speaking, breathing and usual activities?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "episode-impact-q01" }, { "text": "What accompanying symptoms or consequences require separate assessment rather than attribution to hiccups?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "episode-impact-q02" }, { "text": "Under the applicable sourced guidance, do the episode's duration, interference or accompanying symptoms warrant further assessment?", "kind": "action", "id": "episode-impact-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "attempts-and-follow-up", "name": "Attempts and follow-up", "description": "Track actions already taken and distinguish immediate changes from sustained outcomes.", "findings": [ { "id": "observed-action-response", "name": "Observed action response", "description": "Connect each attempted measure to its timing, observed benefit or harm, and subsequent recurrence.", "questions": [ { "text": "What action was attempted, when was it attempted, and what was its recommendation source?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "observed-action-response-q01" }, { "text": "What changed in hiccup frequency, interference or adverse symptoms afterward, and for how long was the outcome observed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "observed-action-response-q02" }, { "text": "What follow-up observation or assessment is needed before treating the episode as resolved or deciding on another action?", "kind": "action", "id": "observed-action-response-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Acute (transient) hiccups lasting less than 48 hours, almost always self-limited", "Persistent hiccups lasting from 48 hours to one month", "Intractable (chronic) hiccups lasting more than one month", "Recurrent hiccups: repeated bouts separated by quiet intervals", "Fetal hiccups, common in utero and sometimes felt by the pregnant person", "Drug-induced hiccups, especially with dexamethasone, platinum chemotherapy, benzodiazepines and opioids", "Postoperative and intra-anesthetic hiccups, including during endoscopy sedation", "Psychogenic hiccups diagnosed only after organic causes along the reflex arc have been excluded" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of hiccups this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q58952", "note": "Item for hiccup / singultus as a medical sign." }, { "scheme": "ICD-10-CM", "value_or_pattern": "R06.6", "note": "Hiccough, under symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems; index terms include hiccup and singultus." }, { "scheme": "ICD-11 MMS", "value_or_pattern": "MD11.6", "note": "Hiccough; ICD-11 Foundation id 798509501." }, { "scheme": "ICD-9-CM", "value_or_pattern": "786.8", "note": "Hiccough (historical coding)." }, { "scheme": "MeSH", "value_or_pattern": "D006606", "note": "Descriptor Hiccup; tree C23.888.821.578." }, { "scheme": "UMLS CUI", "value_or_pattern": "C0019521", "note": "Hiccup as a finding." }, { "scheme": "SNOMED CT", "value_or_pattern": "716771000", "note": "Chronic hiccup / chronic hiccough (also mapped from MedGen C0744898)." }, { "scheme": "SNOMED CT", "value_or_pattern": "1119237008", "note": "Recurrent hiccup / recurrent singultus." }, { "scheme": "HPO", "value_or_pattern": "HP:0100247", "note": "Recurrent singultus." }, { "scheme": "Orphanet", "value_or_pattern": "ORPHA396", "note": "Chronic hiccup as a rare disorder." }, { "scheme": "MONDO", "value_or_pattern": "MONDO:0018334", "note": "Chronic hiccup." }, { "scheme": "MedlinePlus", "value_or_pattern": "003068", "note": "Consumer topic Hiccups." }, { "scheme": "NCI Thesaurus", "value_or_pattern": "C37966", "note": "Hiccough." }, { "scheme": "MedDRA", "value_or_pattern": "10020037", "note": "Hiccups preferred term." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of hiccups this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "WHO ICD-10 R06.6 and ICD-11 MD11.6 classify hiccough as a coded symptom, not as a disease entity (World Health Organization).", "Chlorpromazine remains the only medicine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifically for hiccups; other agents are off-label (StatPearls, citing FDA labelling).", "No dedicated WHO, NICE or specialty-society clinical practice guideline exists; the 48-hour and 1-month duration cut-offs are widely used convention rather than a formal standard (StatPearls).", "In oncology trials, hiccups are graded as an adverse event under Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE / NCI).", "Orphanet lists chronic hiccup (ORPHA396) as a rare disorder for orphan-disease cataloguing, not as a treatment standard." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of hiccups this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Almost universal short bouts after gastric distension (large meal, carbonated drink, alcohol) or a sudden temperature change, usually ignored and untreated.", "Fetal hiccups are commonly felt in pregnancy and observed on obstetric ultrasound as rhythmic fetal diaphragmatic movement.", "Primary-care and emergency presentation when a bout lasts beyond about two days, triggering a search for GERD, drugs, metabolic disturbance or a lesion on the reflex arc.", "Oncology and palliative care: hiccups in a substantial minority of people on cisplatin/oxaliplatin with dexamethasone, and in about 4-9% of people with advanced cancer, interfering with eating and sleep.", "Intraoperative and endoscopic sedation: hiccups during anaesthesia or gastric insufflation, including about one in five sedated gastrointestinal endoscopies.", "Neurology: persistent hiccups as a clue to lateral medullary infarction, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (area postrema), or other brainstem disease.", "Intensive care: hiccups that desynchronise a ventilated patient.", "Self-help and folk manoeuvres (breath-holding, Valsalva, sipping cold water) plus commercial devices such as a forced-inspiratory suction-and-swallow straw." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of hiccups this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Hiccup rate within a bout", "typical_range": "4-60", "unit": "cycles per minute" }, { "quantity": "Acute bout duration", "typical_range": "seconds to <48", "unit": "hours" }, { "quantity": "Persistent episode duration", "typical_range": "2-30", "unit": "days" }, { "quantity": "Intractable episode duration", "typical_range": ">30 days to years (longest published continuous case ~70 years)", "unit": "days" }, { "quantity": "Glottic closure after diaphragmatic discharge", "typical_range": "about 35", "unit": "milliseconds" }, { "quantity": "Hospital incidence of documented hiccups", "typical_range": "about 55", "unit": "per 100000 admissions" }, { "quantity": "Hiccups among people with GERD", "typical_range": "8-10", "unit": "percent" }, { "quantity": "Hiccups among people receiving cisplatin plus dexamethasone", "typical_range": "up to 42", "unit": "percent" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of hiccups this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Persistent or intractable bouts disrupt sleep, speech, eating and social contact, and can cause dehydration, malnutrition, weight loss, exhaustion and depression.", "Acute bouts can cause aspiration and worsen reflux.", "In ventilated patients, hiccups desynchronise the ventilator and can cause respiratory compromise and haemodynamic instability.", "Forceful bouts can threaten fresh thoracic or abdominal wounds and have been linked to bradycardia, hypotension, barotrauma (pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum) and, rarely, carotid dissection.", "Treating the symptom while missing the cause can delay diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia, brainstem stroke, esophageal malignancy or subphrenic abscess.", "Pharmacologic treatment carries its own harms: chlorpromazine and other dopamine antagonists (sedation, extrapyramidal effects); metoclopramide (tardive dyskinesia with prolonged use).", "Phrenic-nerve or stellate-ganglion block can cause diaphragmatic paralysis, pneumothorax, recurrent-laryngeal-nerve injury or local-anaesthetic toxicity." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of hiccups this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Everyday English splits between hiccups (especially North America) and hiccough (especially British medical and older usage); clinical literature uses singultus from Latin singult.", "No consistent racial or geographic difference in incidence is reported; intractable hiccups are more often described in older men (odds ratio about 2.4 in pooled case material).", "Acupuncture for post-stroke and cancer-associated hiccups is far more studied and used in East Asian practice than in typical Western pathways.", "U.S. practice is shaped by chlorpromazine's unique FDA indication; elsewhere baclofen, gabapentin and reflux therapy are often first-line without that regulatory anchor.", "Folk stopping manoeuvres (sugar, vinegar, scare, breath-hold, paper bag) vary by culture and are not standardised." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of hiccups this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Cough", "difference": "A cough is an expulsive forced expiration after glottic opening; a hiccup is an inspiratory diaphragmatic spasm terminated by abrupt glottic closure and a 'hic', not an expulsive blast." }, { "name": "Belch (eructation)", "difference": "A belch vents gastric gas through an open upper oesophageal sphincter; a hiccup is a stereotyped inspiratory myoclonus with glottic closure and does not require a gas bolus." }, { "name": "Gag or retch", "difference": "Gagging is a pharyngeal protective reflex with coordinated palatal and constrictor activity; hiccups lack that pharyngeal sequence and keep a fixed inspiratory-plus-glottic pattern." }, { "name": "Sneeze", "difference": "A sneeze is a nasal-triggered expulsive reflex; hiccups are diaphragmatic and do not require nasal afferent input or an expulsive phase." }, { "name": "Diaphragmatic flutter (Leeuwenhoek disease)", "difference": "Flutter is typically much faster (often well above 60/min) diaphragmatic contraction, frequently without the stereotyped glottic 'hic'; ordinary hiccups run 4-60/min with obligatory glottic closure. Some catalogues synonymise the two, so rate and glottic sound are the practical test." }, { "name": "Laryngospasm", "difference": "Laryngospasm is sustained glottic closure that blocks ventilation; in a hiccup the glottis closes only briefly after a short inspiratory jerk and then reopens." }, { "name": "Vocal or motor tic", "difference": "Tics are suppressible, often premonitory, and vary in form; hiccups are involuntary, stereotyped inspiratory-glottic events that cannot be postponed in the same way and continue in sleep when organic." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of hiccups this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative guidance should define duration categories and assessment thresholds, and how do these vary by age or clinical context?", "What minimum evidence supports reliable recognition when hiccups are silent, only self-reported or difficult to distinguish from other involuntary movements?", "What hiccup-free interval should separate episodes for this registry's intended uses, and should that rule vary between clinical assessment and personal tracking?", "Which measures of hiccup burden and frequency are sufficiently validated and practical for repeated agent-assisted recording?", "Which proposed interventions have adequate evidence, contraindication information and population-specific guidance to support agent recommendations?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 26 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a hiccups, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a reported or observed hiccup episode, assess its course and impact, and identify what observation, support or further assessment may be appropriate.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: chronic hiccup.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 90 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a hiccups, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "chronic hiccup" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 90 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one hiccups from another, and a hiccups from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a hiccups sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a hiccups from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a hiccups passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a hiccups between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a hiccups, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a hiccups is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a hiccups says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a hiccups contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a hiccups and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What hiccups studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does hiccups take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does hiccups establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where hiccups is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark hiccups as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place hiccups, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a hiccups came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a hiccups and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a hiccups is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a hiccups, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a hiccups, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a hiccups is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }