{ "model": { "rank": 14261, "code": "thing-q630010", "model_id": "vr.tr.reciprocating-engine", "name": "reciprocating engine", "purpose": "Let an agent explain reciprocating engines by type and cycle, help with identification, maintenance and troubleshooting at a general level, and cover history, regulation and the transition to other power sources.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q630010/", "tier": 2, "score": 36, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "opposed-piston engine", "D100", "Napier Deltic", "Junkers Jumo 207", "Jumo 205", "Fairbanks-Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine", "Walter Jumo IV", "Triumph Triple", "HL42", "Wärtsilä 6L32", "Jumo 205C", "Jumo 205D", "BY 4112", "HL57TR", "HL85TUKRM", "Honda Indy V6", "Anzani 14", "ASh-82", "Gipsy Queen", "Gipsy Twelve", "O-360", "Kawasaki Ninja ZX-25R engine", "Honda MC14E", "Nissan VR38DETT engine", "Honda C30A engine", "Mitsubishi 4G92 engine", "Nissan FJ20E", "Honda G25A", "Subaru EN07", "Volvo B5254T3 engine", "Ford Duratec RS engine", "honda F20B engine", "Fiat JTD 1.9 engine", "Toyota 3UZ-FE engine", "Nissan VRH50A engine", "Nissan VRH34A engine", "Nissan VRH35Z engine", "Nissan VRH35L engine", "Nissan VRH35ADE engine", "Nissan VEJ30 engine" ], "aliasCount": 698, "merged": 704, "knownIn": 36, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q630010", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q630010", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T15:39:38Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q630010", "registryId": "vr.tr.reciprocating-engine", "name": "reciprocating engine", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q630010/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.reciprocating-engine", "name": "reciprocating engine", "purpose": "Let an agent explain reciprocating engines by type and cycle, help with identification, maintenance and troubleshooting at a general level, and cover history, regulation and the transition to other power sources.", "definition": "A heat engine that uses one or more pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to convert pressure into rotating motion, including petrol and diesel internal combustion engines, opposed-piston designs such as the Napier Deltic and Junkers Jumo diesels, and steam and Stirling engines; the dominant engine type in cars, ships, aircraft and generators for over a century.", "what_it_is_for": "Converting fuel energy into mechanical work.", "affordances": [ "explain engine cycles and configurations", "identify an engine type from features", "explain common faults and maintenance", "describe notable historic engines" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Piston and cylinder", "Reciprocating to rotary conversion", "Two- or four-stroke cycles", "Many fuels and configurations" ], "appearance": "Blocks with cylinders, pistons, crankshaft, valves and ancillaries.", "visual_identification": [ "Cylinders in line, V or opposed layouts", "Crankshaft output", "Turbines and rotary engines have no reciprocating pistons" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "petrol spark-ignition engines", "diesel compression-ignition engines", "opposed-piston engines", "steam and Stirling engines", "aircraft and marine piston engines" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "piston engine", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "powers", "target": "ship", "why": "application" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "contact-event", "why": "mechanical contact and wear" }, { "relation": "is regulated by", "target": "emissions standards", "why": "rules" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Vehicle emissions standards such as Euro norms", "IMO marine engine emission rules", "Aviation engine certification" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Overheating and seizure", "Carbon monoxide from exhaust", "Fuel and fire hazards" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "types", "name": "Types", "description": "Kinds of engine.", "rationale": "Cycle and layout classify.", "layers": [ { "id": "cycle", "name": "Cycle", "description": "Two- or four-stroke.", "findings": [ { "id": "cycle-finding", "name": "Cycle", "description": "Cycle.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cycle does this engine use, and how does it work?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is it spark or compression ignition?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "layout", "name": "Layout", "description": "Configuration.", "findings": [ { "id": "layout-finding", "name": "Layout", "description": "Configuration.", "questions": [ { "text": "What configuration is it, such as inline, V, flat or opposed-piston?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What are the advantages of each?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operate", "name": "Operate", "description": "Running and maintaining.", "rationale": "Care extends life.", "layers": [ { "id": "maintenance", "name": "Maintenance", "description": "Servicing.", "findings": [ { "id": "maintenance-finding", "name": "Maintenance", "description": "Servicing.", "questions": [ { "text": "What maintenance does this engine need, according to the manufacturer schedule?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which fluids and intervals apply?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "faults", "name": "Faults", "description": "Troubleshooting.", "findings": [ { "id": "faults-finding", "name": "Faults", "description": "Troubleshooting.", "questions": [ { "text": "What could cause this symptom, such as misfire, smoke or knocking, in general terms?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "When should a mechanic be consulted?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "Notable engines.", "rationale": "Designs made history.", "layers": [ { "id": "notable", "name": "Notable", "description": "Historic designs.", "findings": [ { "id": "notable-finding", "name": "Notable", "description": "Historic designs.", "questions": [ { "text": "What made engines like the Napier Deltic or Junkers Jumo 205 notable, according to historians?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Where can they be seen?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "evolution", "name": "Evolution", "description": "Development.", "findings": [ { "id": "evolution-finding", "name": "Evolution", "description": "Development.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did reciprocating engines develop from steam to modern diesels?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How are they being replaced by electric drives?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Hazards and rules.", "rationale": "Engines are regulated.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazards", "name": "Hazards", "description": "Safe use.", "findings": [ { "id": "hazards-finding", "name": "Hazards", "description": "Safe use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which hazards apply when running an engine indoors or working on it?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is there a carbon monoxide risk now?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "emissions", "name": "Emissions", "description": "Regulation.", "findings": [ { "id": "emissions-finding", "name": "Emissions", "description": "Regulation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which emissions standards apply to this engine?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Are there restrictions on its use in cities?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should engine types be separate entries?", "How should historic engines be linked?", "How should emissions rules be localised?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a reciprocating engine, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain reciprocating engines by type and cycle, help with identification, maintenance and troubleshooting at a general level, and cover history, regulation and the transition to other power sources.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: opposed-piston engine, D100, Napier Deltic, Junkers Jumo 207, Jumo 205, Fairbanks-Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine, Walter Jumo IV, Triumph Triple, HL42, Wärtsilä 6L32, Jumo 205C, Jumo 205D.", "704 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 36 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a reciprocating engine, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "opposed-piston engine", "D100", "Napier Deltic", "Junkers Jumo 207", "Jumo 205", "Fairbanks-Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine", "Walter Jumo IV", "Triumph Triple", "HL42", "Wärtsilä 6L32", "Jumo 205C", "Jumo 205D" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 36 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 704 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one reciprocating engine from another, and a reciprocating engine from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a reciprocating engine sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a reciprocating engine from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a reciprocating engine is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a reciprocating engine is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a reciprocating engine is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a reciprocating engine is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a reciprocating engine is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a reciprocating engine is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a reciprocating engine passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a reciprocating engine between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a reciprocating engine, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a reciprocating engine is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What reciprocating engine is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does reciprocating engine perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise reciprocating engine, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How reciprocating engine is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does reciprocating engine have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does reciprocating engine need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about reciprocating engine is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about reciprocating engine hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern reciprocating engine, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a reciprocating engine came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a reciprocating engine and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a reciprocating engine is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a reciprocating engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a reciprocating engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a reciprocating engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }