{ "model": { "rank": 6989, "code": "thing-q647578", "model_id": "vr.tr.copyright-infringement", "name": "copyright infringement", "purpose": "Let an agent explain copyright infringement, relay rights, exceptions, remedies and enforcement from intellectual property law sources, describe the named forms, route legal questions to lawyers, and distinguish infringement from fair use and fair dealing, plagiarism, trademark and patent infringement and licensed use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q647578/", "tier": 2, "score": 57, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Fake artists", "copyright infringement via online photo", "scanlation", "cable television piracy", "contributory copyright infringement", "Anti Piracy Screen", "copyright infringement of free and open-source software", "digital piracy", "software piracy", "warez", "video game piracy", "pirated movie release types" ], "aliasCount": 12, "merged": 12, "knownIn": 57, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q647578", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647578", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-14T01:37:39Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q647578", "registryId": "vr.tr.copyright-infringement", "name": "copyright infringement", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q647578/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.copyright-infringement", "name": "copyright infringement", "purpose": "Let an agent explain copyright infringement, relay rights, exceptions, remedies and enforcement from intellectual property law sources, describe the named forms, route legal questions to lawyers, and distinguish infringement from fair use and fair dealing, plagiarism, trademark and patent infringement and licensed use.", "definition": "The use of works protected by copyright without permission or a legal exception, infringing rights such as reproduction, distribution, public performance or making available, in ways the registry aliases name such as online photo infringement, cable television piracy, scanlation, the unauthorised fan translation of comics, and contributory infringement, where a party enables another s infringement, while fake artists, streaming tracks credited to fabricated names, is a distinct industry practice; remedies range from civil damages to criminal penalties for large-scale commercial piracy, and exceptions such as fair use, fair dealing and quotation vary by country. This is general information, not legal advice, and specific situations need a qualified lawyer.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; an unlawful use of protected works.", "affordances": [ "explain rights and exceptions", "relay remedies and enforcement", "describe named forms", "route legal questions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Uses protected work", "Without permission or exception", "Civil and criminal remedies", "Country-specific exceptions" ], "appearance": "Not a physical object; arises in copying, sharing and distribution of works.", "visual_identification": [ "Unauthorised use of copyrighted works", "Fake artists, online photo infringement, scanlation, cable television piracy, contributory copyright infringement, anti piracy screen", "Fair use is a defence; plagiarism is an ethical breach of attribution; trademark and patent infringement concern other rights; licensed use is permitted" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "Berne Convention", "typical_range": "1886", "unit": "year", "note": "international copyright" }, { "quantity": "US DMCA", "typical_range": "1998", "unit": "year", "note": "notice and takedown" }, { "quantity": "typical copyright term", "typical_range": "life plus 70 years", "unit": "note", "note": "varies by country" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "reproduction and distribution infringement", "online and streaming piracy", "contributory and vicarious infringement", "commercial counterfeiting" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "intellectual property infringement", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is limited by", "target": "fair use", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "plagiarism", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "trademark infringement", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreement", "US DMCA and EU Copyright Directive", "National copyright acts" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Giving legal advice", "Assuming one country s rules apply everywhere", "Confusing infringement and plagiarism" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What copyright infringement is.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is copyright infringement, and how does it differ from fair use, plagiarism, trademark and patent infringement and licensed use?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Does someone face an infringement claim or notice, in which case a qualified lawyer should advise, since rules vary by country?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "forms", "name": "Forms", "description": "Named forms.", "findings": [ { "id": "forms-finding", "name": "Forms", "description": "Forms.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are scanlation, cable piracy, contributory infringement and online photo infringement, and what are fake artists?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific form?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "Rights and exceptions.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights", "description": "Exclusive rights.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-finding", "name": "Rights", "description": "Rights.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which exclusive rights can be infringed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "exceptions", "name": "Exceptions", "description": "Fair use and fair dealing.", "findings": [ { "id": "exceptions-finding", "name": "Exceptions", "description": "Exceptions.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do fair use, fair dealing and quotation exceptions differ by country?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "enforcement", "name": "Enforcement", "description": "Enforcement.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "remedies", "name": "Remedies", "description": "Remedies.", "findings": [ { "id": "remedies-finding", "name": "Remedies", "description": "Remedies.", "questions": [ { "text": "What civil and criminal remedies apply to infringement?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the information current?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "online", "name": "Online", "description": "Online enforcement.", "findings": [ { "id": "online-finding", "name": "Online", "description": "Online.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do notice-and-takedown systems such as the DMCA work?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Digital Millennium Copyright Act?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Debates.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "piracy", "name": "Piracy", "description": "Piracy debates.", "findings": [ { "id": "piracy-finding", "name": "Piracy", "description": "Piracy.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do rights holders, users and researchers argue about the effects of piracy, with positions attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ai", "name": "AI", "description": "AI training debates.", "findings": [ { "id": "ai-finding", "name": "AI", "description": "AI.", "questions": [ { "text": "What legal debates surround copyright and AI training data, with positions attributed and checked against current sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the information current?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should scanlation and fan translation be a separate entry?", "The registry alias fake artists should be reviewed as a distinct industry topic", "How should national exceptions be linked and kept current?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a copyright infringement, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain copyright infringement, relay rights, exceptions, remedies and enforcement from intellectual property law sources, describe the named forms, route legal questions to lawyers, and distinguish infringement from fair use and fair dealing, plagiarism, trademark and patent infringement and licensed use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Fake artists, copyright infringement via online photo, scanlation, cable television piracy, contributory copyright infringement, Anti Piracy Screen, copyright infringement of free and open-source software, digital piracy, software piracy, warez, video game piracy, pirated movie release types.", "12 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 57 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a copyright infringement, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Fake artists", "copyright infringement via online photo", "scanlation", "cable television piracy", "contributory copyright infringement", "Anti Piracy Screen", "copyright infringement of free and open-source software", "digital piracy", "software piracy", "warez", "video game piracy", "pirated movie release types" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 57 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 12 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one copyright infringement from another, and a copyright infringement from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a copyright infringement sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a copyright infringement from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a copyright infringement passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a copyright infringement between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a copyright infringement, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a copyright infringement is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a copyright infringement proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a copyright infringement, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a copyright infringement and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a copyright infringement consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a copyright infringement takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What copyright infringement is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of copyright infringement are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is copyright infringement operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of copyright infringement and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of copyright infringement?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as copyright infringement?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a copyright infringement came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a copyright infringement and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a copyright infringement is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a copyright infringement, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a copyright infringement, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a copyright infringement is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }