{ "model": { "rank": 6140, "code": "thing-q66589593", "model_id": "vr.tr.galactose", "name": "galactose", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise galactose, assess the identity and condition of a galactose-bearing material, and determine whether it is suitable for a specified analytical, chemical or biological use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q66589593/", "tier": 2, "score": 62, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "L-galactose", "aldehydo-galactose", "galactopyranose", "galactofuranose", "D-galactose" ], "aliasCount": 5, "merged": 5, "knownIn": 62, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q66589593", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66589593", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:44:46Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00500752, "turns": 1, "seconds": 78.6, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 86.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07bae-11ee-77e0-b4c7-f3bab92a1585\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: galactose\nRegistry id: vr.tr.galactose\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Ver" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q66589593", "registryId": "vr.tr.galactose", "name": "galactose", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q66589593/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.galactose", "name": "galactose", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise galactose, assess the identity and condition of a galactose-bearing material, and determine whether it is suitable for a specified analytical, chemical or biological use.", "definition": "Galactose is a six-carbon aldose (C6H12O6) that occurs mainly as the C4 epimer of D-glucose; in biology it is the D-enantiomer, typically encountered as the β-D-galactopyranose residue of lactose and of galactolipids and glycoproteins, and metabolised by the Leloir pathway to UDP-glucose.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identity, forms, measurable presence, material condition and use constraints of galactose under vr.tr.galactose in PHY / PHY.MAT; stereochemical forms remain distinctions within this entry, while compounds containing galactosyl residues are linked neighbouring things.", "in_scope": [ "Galactose identity with explicit D, L, mixed or unresolved configuration", "Anomeric and ring forms, including changes after dissolution", "Free galactose quantity and its distinction from galactose released during analysis", "Galactose sample composition, impurities and condition", "Evidence needed to select galactose for a specified use" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Lactose and other intact galactose-containing carbohydrates as independently identified substances", "Glycoprotein and glycolipid structures containing galactosyl residues", "Galactose derivatives and metabolites such as galactose-1-phosphate and UDP-galactose", "Whole-organism metabolism, enzyme function and transport systems", "Galactosemia diagnosis, treatment and individual dietary prescriptions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require a structural assignment or validated comparison that distinguishes galactose from glucose and other hexose isomers; molecular formula alone is insufficient.", "Require evidence for D or L configuration when the intended use depends on stereochemistry; an unqualified galactose label does not establish D-galactose.", "Check the specificity of identifiers: CHEBI:28061 denotes alpha-D-galactose, specifically an alpha-configured D-galactopyranose, and must not silently identify every galactose form. [ChEBI](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:28061)", "Distinguish free galactose from intact lactose using an assay that resolves them and records whether hydrolysis occurred; lactase breaks lactose into glucose and galactose. [NCBI Bookshelf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22210/)", "Require separation or structural evidence distinguishing galactose from galactitol and phosphorylated or otherwise substituted galactose derivatives." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Stereochemical assignment", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "D; L; quantified mixture; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether identity evidence and use assumptions apply to the actual material." }, { "name": "Anomeric and ring composition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Alpha/beta and pyranose/furanose/open-chain assignments or fractions; unresolved; with observation conditions", "why_it_matters": "Connects the observed form to preparation history and form-sensitive measurements." }, { "name": "Free galactose content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mol/L, g/L, mg/kg or mass fraction, with matrix, basis and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparison, dilution and material accounting without confusing concentration with purity." }, { "name": "Hydrolysis-released galactose", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mg/kg or mol/kg under a named hydrolysis protocol, with recovery and baseline correction", "why_it_matters": "Separates an operationally measured released amount from galactose originally present as a free sugar." }, { "name": "Related-sugar impurity profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Individual mass fractions or concentrations for resolved sugars; detection limits for non-detections", "why_it_matters": "Exposes interference and determines whether a sample can serve as a galactose reagent or reference." }, { "name": "Physical presentation", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Solid; dissolved; partially dissolved; other observed state; solvent and temperature", "why_it_matters": "Determines sampling and preparation requirements." }, { "name": "Water content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass percent with method and measurement date", "why_it_matters": "Supports correct conversion between weighed material and galactose amount." }, { "name": "Identity and assay evidence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to reference standards, analytical records and lot-specific certificates", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes a supplier label from independently supported identity and content." }, { "name": "Use-specific disposition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Suitable; unsuitable; pending evidence, for a named use and acceptance specification", "why_it_matters": "Prevents analytical purity or natural occurrence from becoming an unsupported claim of universal suitability." } ], "affordances": [ "Match a material to galactose while preserving unresolved stereochemistry.", "Select and interpret an assay that distinguishes galactose from accompanying sugars.", "Calculate a preparation or dilution from verified galactose content and water basis.", "Compare free galactose before and after a documented hydrolysis process.", "Accept, hold or reject a galactose lot against requirements for a named use.", "Link consumption or conversion of galactose to a separate reaction or biological-process model." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "pubchem-galactose", "title": "D-Galactose (CID 6036)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Galactose", "what_it_supports": "Molecular formula, identifiers (CAS, InChI, IUPAC name), physical properties, and the D-enantiomer as the common commercial/biological form.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iupac-goldbook-galactose", "title": "galactose (2-Carb-33.1 / carbohydrate nomenclature)", "url": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/G02976", "what_it_supports": "IUPAC definition of galactose as the C4 epimer of glucose and the D/L configurational convention.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "omim-galactosemia", "title": "Galactosemia (classic, GALT deficiency) - clinical synopsis", "url": "https://www.omim.org/entry/230400", "what_it_supports": "Inborn-error pathology, Leloir pathway enzymes (GALT, GALK, GALE), dietary restriction, and newborn-screening practice.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "codex-lactose-sugars", "title": "Codex Standard for Sugars (CXS 212-1999) and related dairy lactose provisions", "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B212-1999%252FCXS_212e.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Food-standard identity of galactose as a constituent of lactose and as a permitted sugar; labelling context for lactose-derived sugars.", "url_status": "blocked" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "galactose-identity", "name": "Galactose identity", "description": "Establish what chemical identity a galactose claim actually supports.", "rationale": "Sugar names and shared molecular formulas do not establish the stereochemical identity required for recognition.", "layers": [ { "id": "hexose-discrimination", "name": "Hexose discrimination", "description": "Separate galactose identification from generic sugar detection.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-evidence", "name": "Identity evidence", "description": "Record which observations distinguish galactose from plausible accompanying or substituted sugars.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which reference-supported structural or analytical evidence identifies this material as galactose?", "kind": "definition", "id": "identity-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does the method resolve glucose and other plausible hexose interferents in this matrix?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "identity-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stereochemical-specificity", "name": "Stereochemical specificity", "description": "Preserve configuration and identifier specificity without creating new registry entries.", "findings": [ { "id": "configuration-assignment", "name": "Configuration assignment", "description": "Record D/L assignment separately from alpha/beta assignment and retain uncertainty where evidence is absent.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes D, L or mixed galactose rather than leaving configuration unresolved?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "configuration-assignment-q01" }, { "text": "Does each linked identifier describe galactose generally or a particular configuration and ring form?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "configuration-assignment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "galactose-form-and-preparation", "name": "Galactose form and preparation", "description": "Describe the physical and molecular forms relevant to sampling and preparation.", "rationale": "A solid-form label alone cannot establish the composition or measurement behaviour of a prepared solution.", "layers": [ { "id": "solid-and-solution-state", "name": "Solid and solution state", "description": "Record the presentation from which galactose is sampled or dispensed.", "findings": [ { "id": "preparation-basis", "name": "Preparation basis", "description": "Connect weighed or dispensed material to its actual galactose content.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the material solid, fully dissolved or partially dissolved, and in which solvent at what temperature?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "preparation-basis-q01" }, { "text": "What assay and water-content corrections are needed to prepare the requested galactose concentration?", "kind": "action", "id": "preparation-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "anomeric-state", "name": "Anomeric state", "description": "Record form-sensitive observations with the conditions under which they were made.", "findings": [ { "id": "form-observation-conditions", "name": "Form observation conditions", "description": "Keep anomeric or ring assignments tied to solvent, temperature and elapsed time after preparation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which anomeric and ring forms were measured, by what method and how long after dissolution?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "form-observation-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "Must the preparation reach a documented stable form distribution before the intended measurement or reaction?", "kind": "action", "id": "form-observation-conditions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "free-and-released-galactose", "name": "Free and released galactose", "description": "Define what a reported galactose amount counts.", "rationale": "Free sugar, intact galactosyl-containing compounds and galactose released during preparation must not become interchangeable quantities.", "layers": [ { "id": "analyte-boundary", "name": "Analyte boundary", "description": "Distinguish galactose present before treatment from galactose generated by treatment.", "findings": [ { "id": "free-versus-released-basis", "name": "Free versus released basis", "description": "Record whether the result concerns native free galactose or a protocol-defined released amount.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this result measure free galactose before hydrolysis, galactose after hydrolysis or the corrected difference?", "kind": "definition", "id": "free-versus-released-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Which intact parent compounds are linked as possible contributors without being identified as free galactose?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "free-versus-released-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "quantitative-validity", "name": "Quantitative validity", "description": "Establish whether galactose amounts are comparable and fit for decisions.", "findings": [ { "id": "matrix-and-recovery", "name": "Matrix and recovery", "description": "Record calibration, recovery and reporting basis for the actual sample matrix.", "questions": [ { "text": "What galactose value, units, wet or dry basis, uncertainty and quantification limit are reported?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "matrix-and-recovery-q01" }, { "text": "What controls establish recovery and exclude sugar interference or preparation-induced loss in this matrix?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "matrix-and-recovery-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "galactose-lot-integrity", "name": "Galactose lot integrity", "description": "Assess whether a particular material still supports its declared galactose content and intended function.", "rationale": "Chemical identity alone does not establish usable purity, reliable concentration or condition after storage.", "layers": [ { "id": "sugar-composition", "name": "Sugar composition", "description": "Characterise galactose alongside chemically relevant accompanying substances.", "findings": [ { "id": "purity-and-co-components", "name": "Purity and co-components", "description": "Distinguish galactose assay from other sugars, water and impurities relevant to the intended use.", "questions": [ { "text": "What measured fractions of galactose, other sugars and water support the declared purity?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "purity-and-co-components-q01" }, { "text": "Which lot-specific certificate or analytical record supports those values and their reporting basis?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "purity-and-co-components-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-over-time", "name": "Condition over time", "description": "Connect handling history to evidence of continuing suitability.", "findings": [ { "id": "retest-triggers", "name": "Retest triggers", "description": "Record storage or preparation events that make the previous galactose assay insufficient.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence shows whether storage, heating or solution handling changed galactose content or impurity composition?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "retest-triggers-q01" }, { "text": "Which documented condition or elapsed interval requires reassay before this galactose preparation is used?", "kind": "action", "id": "retest-triggers-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "galactose-use-and-conversion", "name": "Galactose use and conversion", "description": "Connect verified galactose properties to a concrete use or transformation.", "rationale": "Acceptability depends on configuration, composition and receiving context rather than the galactose name alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "use-qualification", "name": "Use qualification", "description": "Assess galactose against requirements supplied by the receiving activity.", "findings": [ { "id": "application-fit", "name": "Application fit", "description": "Record the requirements for use as a reference, reagent, ingredient or biological substrate.", "questions": [ { "text": "What configuration, assay, impurity and preparation requirements does the named use impose?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "application-fit-q01" }, { "text": "Does the available evidence support using this material, or must it be held for further measurement?", "kind": "action", "id": "application-fit-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "transformation-boundary", "name": "Transformation boundary", "description": "Track galactose entering or leaving a process without taking ownership of that process.", "findings": [ { "id": "galactose-input-and-output", "name": "Galactose input and output", "description": "Link galactose quantities and resulting substances to a separately modelled reaction or biological system.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which linked process consumes or releases galactose, and what measured change establishes that relationship?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "galactose-input-and-output-q01" }, { "text": "At what transformation does the tracked material require identification as a neighbouring compound rather than galactose?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "galactose-input-and-output-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "D-galactose (the biologically prevalent enantiomer; C4-epimer of D-glucose)", "L-galactose (the rare enantiomer; occurs in some plant and algal polysaccharides)", "α-D-galactopyranose and β-D-galactopyranose (anomeric ring forms in solution and in glycosides)", "open-chain (aldehyde) D-galactose, in equilibrium with the cyclic forms", "galactose 1-phosphate and UDP-galactose (Leloir-pathway intermediates)", "N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc; a common glycosylation residue, distinct from free galactose)", "galactitol (dulcitol; the reduction product accumulated in galactosemia)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of galactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q399553 (galactose); Q123280 (D-galactose)", "note": "Parent vs D-enantiomer items; confirm before linking a registry row." }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "59-23-4 (D-galactose); 26566-61-0 (unspecified/DL galactose); 15572-79-9 (L-galactose)", "note": "Use the enantiomer-specific CAS for chemical identity; 59-23-4 is the usual biochemical reagent." }, { "scheme": "PubChem CID", "value_or_pattern": "6036 (D-galactose)", "note": "NCBI PubChem compound record." }, { "scheme": "ChEBI", "value_or_pattern": "CHEBI:28061 (D-galactose); CHEBI:28260 (galactose)" }, { "scheme": "InChIKey", "value_or_pattern": "GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N (open-chain D-galactose); the pyranose anomers have distinct keys" }, { "scheme": "IUPAC name", "value_or_pattern": "(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal (open-chain D-galactose)" }, { "scheme": "EC number (enzyme, not the sugar)", "value_or_pattern": "EC 2.7.1.6 (galactokinase); EC 2.7.7.12 (UDP-glucose - hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, GALT); EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, GALE)", "note": "Leloir-pathway enzymes that define metabolic identity of galactose, not identifiers of the molecule itself." }, { "scheme": "HS / customs", "value_or_pattern": "2940.00 (sugars, chemically pure, other than sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose and fructose - check chapter notes) or 1702 as other sugars, depending on purity and intended use", "note": "Classification is product-form dependent; do not treat a single HS code as canonical." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of galactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "IUPAC Nomenclature of Carbohydrates (Recommendations 1996) / IUPAC Gold Book - configurational (D/L) and ring (pyranose/furanose, α/β) naming of galactose.", "Codex Alimentarius CXS 212-1999 (Standard for Sugars) and Codex dairy standards - galactose as a constituent of lactose and as a food sugar; labelling of lactose-containing foods.", "EU Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 on food information to consumers - lactose as an allergen/intolerance substance; galactose itself is not a listed allergen but is the relevant residue in lactose.", "FDA 21 CFR (food additive / GRAS and nutrition labelling) - D-galactose used as a nutrient and in infant-formula carbohydrate declarations; lactose labelling.", "CLSI / AACC clinical laboratory methods and national newborn-screening programmes (e.g. US Recommended Uniform Screening Panel) - blood-spot total galactose and GALT enzyme assay for galactosemia.", "WHO / ICD coding of galactosemia (classic galactosemia, GALT deficiency) as a treatable inborn error requiring dietary galactose restriction." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of galactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Dietary: released by intestinal lactase from milk lactose (glucose + galactose); present in dairy, some fermented products, and as free sugar in small amounts in legumes and some fruits.", "Metabolism: converted in liver and other tissues via the Leloir pathway (GALK → GALT → GALE) to UDP-glucose for glycogen and glycoprotein synthesis.", "Glycobiology: β-D-galactopyranosyl residues in glycolipids (e.g. galactocerebroside of myelin), N- and O-glycans, and the ABO/Lewis blood-group oligosaccharides.", "Clinical: substrate of newborn screening and of the galactose elimination-capacity (GEC) liver-function test; restricted in galactosemia diets (and secondarily limited in severe lactose intolerance).", "Industrial / reagent: D-galactose as a biochemical reagent, cell-culture carbon source (e.g. yeast GAL promoters), and precursor for galactitol, mucic acid, and some pharma intermediates.", "Materials: monomer of agarose/agar (with 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose) and of plant galactans and pectins (galacturonic acid is the oxidized analogue)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of galactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "molecular formula / molar mass", "typical_range": "C6H12O6; 180.16", "unit": "g·mol⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "specific optical rotation [α]D (D-galactose, equilibrium in water)", "typical_range": "approximately +80 (mutarotation from α ~+150 toward the equilibrium mixture)", "unit": "degrees (c in water, sodium D line)" }, { "quantity": "melting point (anhydrous D-galactose)", "typical_range": "about 165-170 (anomer- and hydrate-dependent)", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "aqueous solubility (20-25 °C)", "typical_range": "high; on the order of 600-700 g per litre (very soluble)", "unit": "g·L⁻¹" }, { "quantity": "blood / plasma free galactose (healthy fasting adult)", "typical_range": "typically <0.2-0.5 (often reported as <1)", "unit": "mmol·L⁻¹ (or mg·dL⁻¹; 1 mmol·L⁻¹ ≈ 18 mg·dL⁻¹)" }, { "quantity": "newborn-screen total galactose (dried blood spot cutoff, programme-specific)", "typical_range": "action cutoffs commonly around 1-2 mmol·L⁻¹ equivalent, with GALT enzyme as the companion test", "unit": "mmol·L⁻¹ (whole-blood equivalent)" }, { "quantity": "erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate (classic galactosemia on diet)", "typical_range": "treatment target often <3-4; untreated neonates much higher", "unit": "mg·dL⁻¹ packed red cells (lab-method dependent)" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of galactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Classic galactosemia (biallelic GALT deficiency): neonatal liver failure, E. coli sepsis, cataract from galactitol in the lens, ovarian failure and long-term neurocognitive impairment even on diet.", "Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency: mainly cataracts from galactitol; Duarte and other hypomorphic GALT variants cause milder biochemical elevations.", "UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (GALE) deficiency: spectrum from benign red-cell enzyme loss to severe, multi-organ disease.", "Dietary lactose/galactose in an undiagnosed neonate: acute hepatic and renal toxicity; milk feeding is the usual precipitant.", "Analytical confusion of total reducing sugars or of glucose assays that cross-react, leading to missed or false-positive galactosemia screens.", "Iatrogenic: galactose load in the GEC liver test is contraindicated or hazardous in galactosemia; high-dose galactose is not a general toxin in galactosemia-unaffected people at food levels.", "Occupational/chemical: crystalline sugar dust is a combustible-dust and housekeeping hazard in bulk handling, not a specific toxicology of galactose." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of galactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Newborn-screening panels and cutoffs for total galactose / GALT activity differ by country and even by US state; some programmes screen GALT enzyme only.", "Dietary galactose restriction practice (strict lactose-free vs measured liberalisation after infancy) varies among metabolic clinics in Europe, North America, and Japan.", "Food naming: 'galactose' as a listed ingredient is uncommon; it is usually implicit in lactose, hydrolysed lactose ('glucose-galactose syrup'), or 'milk sugar'. Some jurisdictions require lactose declaration above a threshold; others do not list free galactose.", "Plant vs dairy sources: in East Asian diets with low dairy intake, dietary galactose is dominated by legumes, fermented soy, and plant galactans rather than milk lactose." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of galactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "D-glucose", "difference": "C4 epimers (glucose has C4-OH equatorial in the ⁴C₁ pyranose; galactose has C4-OH axial). Separate by specific optical rotation, HPLC/HPAEC retention, enzymatic assays (galactose oxidase or galactose dehydrogenase vs glucose oxidase/hexokinase), and NMR of H4." }, { "name": "lactose (4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose)", "difference": "Disaccharide that yields galactose + glucose on hydrolysis (lactase or acid). TLC/HPLC of intact lactose vs monosaccharides; lactase digestion followed by galactose-specific assay." }, { "name": "D-fructose", "difference": "Ketose vs aldose; Seliwanoff test, enzymatic fructose assay, and distinct HPLC retention. Not an epimer of galactose." }, { "name": "D-mannose", "difference": "C2 epimer of glucose, not of galactose. Chromatographic and enzymatic distinction (mannose isomerase / hexokinase specificity); NMR of H2." }, { "name": "galacturonic acid", "difference": "C6-oxidized analogue (pectin monomer). Acidic on ion-exchange; distinct CAS/ChEBI; does not substitute for galactose in Leloir metabolism." }, { "name": "N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc)", "difference": "2-acetamido-2-deoxy derivative common in mucins and blood-group A. Hexosamine-specific assays and mass (m/z) separate it from hexose galactose." }, { "name": "galactitol (dulcitol)", "difference": "Sugar alcohol from aldose reductase acting on galactose; no reducing aldehyde. Polyol chromatography (GC of acetates) and absence of reducing-sugar tests." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of galactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend unqualified galactose to cover both D and L configurations, or should its definition explicitly privilege D-galactose while retaining form distinctions?", "Which existing Vercy model, if any, already owns this concept and should supply the single publication for vr.tr.galactose?", "Which analytical methods and reference materials adequately distinguish galactose from the likely interferents in each intended matrix?", "Which preparation and storage conditions require form equilibration, reassay or rejection for the intended applications?", "Which hydrolysis protocols and reporting conventions should govern released-galactose measurements without implying complete recovery from every parent compound?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a galactose, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise galactose, assess the identity and condition of a galactose-bearing material, and determine whether it is suitable for a specified analytical, chemical or biological use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: L-galactose, aldehydo-galactose, galactopyranose, galactofuranose, D-galactose.", "5 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 62 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a galactose, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "L-galactose", "aldehydo-galactose", "galactopyranose", "galactofuranose", "D-galactose" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 62 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 5 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one galactose from another, and a galactose from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a galactose sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a galactose from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a galactose is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a galactose is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a galactose is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a galactose is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a galactose is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a galactose is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a galactose passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a galactose between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a galactose, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a galactose is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a galactose and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a galactose is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a galactose performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a galactose.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a galactose at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a galactose there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What galactose is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name galactose unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of galactose exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How galactose behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of galactose, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is galactose incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How galactose can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is galactose classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover galactose, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a galactose came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a galactose and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a galactose is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a galactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a galactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a galactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }