{ "model": { "rank": 7276, "code": "thing-q690940", "model_id": "vr.tr.person", "name": "person", "purpose": "Let an agent handle person as a property of pronouns and verb forms that varies between languages, without assuming the three-way system of European languages is universal.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q690940/", "tier": 2, "score": 56, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "proximal third-person singular", "proximal third-person plural", "proximal third person", "distal third-person singular", "distal third-person plural", "fourth person", "first-person dual", "second-person dual", "third-person dual", "first person", "second person", "third person", "singular person", "plural person", "zero person", "first-person singular", "first-person plural", "first-person subject", "second person subject", "second-person singular", "second-person plural", "second-person informal", "second-person familiar", "third-person subject", "third-person feminine dual", "third-person masculine dual", "third-person singular", "third-person plural", "third-person masculine plural", "third-person feminine plural", "third person present", "third-person possessive", "third-person masculine singular", "third-person feminine singular", "third-person neuter singular", "third-person singular possessive", "third-person masculine plural inanimate", "third-person masculine plural personal", "third-person plural possessive" ], "aliasCount": 39, "merged": 39, "knownIn": 56, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.person-communication", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q690940", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690940", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T04:26:33Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q690940", "registryId": "vr.tr.person", "name": "person", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q690940/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.person", "name": "person", "purpose": "Let an agent handle person as a property of pronouns and verb forms that varies between languages, without assuming the three-way system of European languages is universal.", "definition": "A grammatical category that marks the relation of a referent to the speech act: the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person) and others (third person), with further distinctions in some languages.", "what_it_is_for": "Indicating who is speaking, who is addressed and who is spoken about, in pronouns and verb agreement.", "affordances": [ "mark it on pronouns and on verbs, by agreement", "annotate it in a corpus, using standard feature values", "translate it, which may require adding or removing distinctions", "use it to resolve reference in text" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "A grammatical category, not a human being; the human sense of person is a different entry", "Interacts with number (singular, dual, plural) and with clusivity", "Not all languages mark it on verbs; some mark it only on pronouns", "The number and kind of distinctions vary across languages" ], "appearance": "Not physical; visible as pronouns and inflected verb forms in speech and writing.", "visual_identification": [ "First person pronouns such as I and we; second such as you; third such as she, they, it", "Verb endings that change with person in many languages", "Some languages mark further distinctions: inclusive and exclusive we, fourth or obviative person, proximal and distal third person" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "first, second and third person", "clusivity: inclusive and exclusive first person plural", "fourth or obviative person, in some languages", "impersonal and generic person forms" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "grammatical category", "why": "alongside number, gender, tense and case" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "person as a human being", "why": "a homonym; this entry is grammatical" }, { "relation": "is marked on", "target": "pronoun and verb", "why": "the forms that carry person" }, { "relation": "interacts with", "target": "grammatical number", "why": "person and number combine in most paradigms" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "Universal Dependencies feature", "value_or_pattern": "Person=1|2|3|0|4", "note": "annotation values used across treebanks" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Universal Dependencies morphological features", "Leipzig Glossing Rules abbreviations 1, 2, 3" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Assuming a three-way system and losing distinctions such as clusivity in translation", "Confusing grammatical person with the human sense in data", "Mis-resolving reference when a language drops pronouns" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "values-and-system", "name": "Values and system", "description": "Which person values a language distinguishes.", "rationale": "The inventory of person values is the first thing that differs between languages.", "layers": [ { "id": "inventory", "name": "Inventory", "description": "The values distinguished.", "findings": [ { "id": "inventory-finding", "name": "Person inventory", "description": "The person values and their combinations with number.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which person values does this language distinguish?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Does it distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person plural?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "interaction", "name": "Interaction with other categories", "description": "Number, gender and formality.", "findings": [ { "id": "interaction-finding", "name": "Combined categories", "description": "How person combines with other categories.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does person combine with number, gender and formality here?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which forms are syncretic, sharing one shape for several values?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "marking", "name": "Marking", "description": "Where person is expressed.", "rationale": "Person can be marked on pronouns, verbs or both, and dropped when context makes it clear.", "layers": [ { "id": "pronouns", "name": "Pronouns", "description": "Pronominal forms.", "findings": [ { "id": "pronouns-finding", "name": "Pronoun paradigm", "description": "The pronoun forms by person.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the pronoun forms for each person?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "When are pronouns omitted?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "agreement", "name": "Verb agreement", "description": "Person marked on verbs.", "findings": [ { "id": "agreement-finding", "name": "Agreement pattern", "description": "How verbs agree in person.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the verb agree in person, and with which argument?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which tenses or moods neutralise the distinction?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "annotation", "name": "Annotation", "description": "Recording person in data.", "rationale": "Corpus annotation needs a standard set of values so tools can compare languages.", "layers": [ { "id": "scheme", "name": "Annotation scheme", "description": "Feature names and values.", "findings": [ { "id": "scheme-finding", "name": "Scheme used", "description": "The scheme and its values.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which annotation scheme and values are used for person?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How are values outside the scheme handled?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "quality", "name": "Annotation quality", "description": "Agreement and errors.", "findings": [ { "id": "quality-finding", "name": "Annotation reliability", "description": "How reliable the person labels are.", "questions": [ { "text": "How reliably is person annotated in this corpus?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which constructions are most often mislabelled?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "translation-and-reference", "name": "Translation and reference", "description": "Using person in language technology.", "rationale": "Most practical failures with person happen in translation and reference resolution.", "layers": [ { "id": "translation", "name": "Translation", "description": "Mapping between systems.", "findings": [ { "id": "translation-finding", "name": "Mapping losses", "description": "Distinctions gained or lost in translation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which person distinctions are lost translating between these languages?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How should a lost distinction be flagged?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reference", "name": "Reference resolution", "description": "Identifying who is meant.", "findings": [ { "id": "reference-finding", "name": "Resolution method", "description": "How person helps resolve reference.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does person constrain who a form can refer to?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What errors arise when pronouns are dropped?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should the registry record person values per language, or keep one cross-linguistic entry?", "How should impersonal and generic forms be represented?", "How should translation tools warn when a person distinction cannot be preserved?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a person, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle person as a property of pronouns and verb forms that varies between languages, without assuming the three-way system of European languages is universal.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: proximal third-person singular, proximal third-person plural, proximal third person, distal third-person singular, distal third-person plural, fourth person, first-person dual, second-person dual, third-person dual, first person, second person, third person.", "39 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 56 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a person, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "proximal third-person singular", "proximal third-person plural", "proximal third person", "distal third-person singular", "distal third-person plural", "fourth person", "first-person dual", "second-person dual", "third-person dual", "first person", "second person", "third person" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 56 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 39 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one person from another, and a person from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a person, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a person, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a person is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a person, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a person, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a person is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a person sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a person, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a person, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a person is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a person from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a person, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a person, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a person is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a person passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a person between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a person, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a person, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a person is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a person, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a person is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a person, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a person, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a person is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What person is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of person are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is person operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of person and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of person?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as person?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a person came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a person and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a person, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a person, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a person is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a person is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a person, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a person, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a person is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }