{ "model": { "rank": 5021, "code": "thing-q693690", "model_id": "vr.tr.bull", "name": "bull", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise an individual bull, assess its development, reproductive role and welfare, and identify appropriate breeding, housing and handling decisions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q693690/", "tier": 2, "score": 70, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Novvos", "Bodacious" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 70, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.bull-animal", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q693690", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693690", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:29:56Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 19.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08812-d5c0-7873-83c2-b4b5b4c7b211\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: bull\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.LIV\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 registered", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 65.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08812-d5c8-74b0-bd2a-2acb2c1cb5b0\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: bull\nRegistry id: vr.tr.bull\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.LIV\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext for th" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q693690", "registryId": "vr.tr.bull", "name": "bull", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.LIV" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q693690/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.bull", "name": "bull", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise an individual bull, assess its development, reproductive role and welfare, and identify appropriate breeding, housing and handling decisions.", "definition": "A bull is an uncastrated adult male bovine, here understood as domestic cattle, representing a sex and life-stage category rather than a separate taxon.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the individual bull in the cattle sense: a male bovine classified as intact, with age, reproductive development and terminology recorded explicitly; it does not treat bull as a species or assume that every bull is fertile or used for breeding.", "in_scope": [ "Individual identity, cattle taxon or hybrid ancestry, breed and provenance", "Male sex, castration status, life stage and reproductive development", "Breeding eligibility, reproductive assessment and mating history", "Physical condition, locomotion, behaviour and welfare", "Bull-specific handling, containment and contact with other cattle" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Species-wide taxonomy, native range and conservation assessments", "Whole-herd production planning and population genetics", "Female cattle reproductive management", "Castrated cattle as a continuing animal category after a recorded transition", "Beef products, carcass grading and processing", "Bull senses referring to other animal groups, financial markets or cultural symbols" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The referent is an individual animal classified as cattle, rather than a taxon, population or product.", "Male sex and intact status are established from records or appropriate examination; horns, body size and apparent aggression alone do not establish bull identity.", "A documented castration distinguishes a steer or ox category from an intact bull, while uncertain or atypical reproductive anatomy requires explicit qualification.", "Age and reproductive development distinguish a bull calf or developing bull from a mature bull without imposing an unsupported universal age cutoff.", "Bull identity is independent of demonstrated fertility, breeding approval or actual use as a sire." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Individual identifier", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Ear-tag, electronic identifier or other locally recognised identifier, with issuing system", "why_it_matters": "Connects observations, parentage and reproductive records to the correct animal." }, { "name": "Taxon and breed assignment", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked cattle taxon or hybrid assignment and breed record, with evidence and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supplies biological context without treating bull as a species or breed." }, { "name": "Age", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Days, months or years; birth date or estimation method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of growth and reproductive development." }, { "name": "Sex and castration status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Recorded sex; intact, castrated, uncertain or atypical reproductive anatomy, with evidence", "why_it_matters": "Establishes the category boundary and whether further assessment is needed." }, { "name": "Reproductive development", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Immature, developing, mature or undetermined, with assessment basis", "why_it_matters": "Separates developmental stage from age labels and breeding use." }, { "name": "Body mass", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "kg, with date and measured or estimated method", "why_it_matters": "Informs growth assessment and the suitability of handling equipment." }, { "name": "Body condition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Score with named cattle scoring system and assessment date", "why_it_matters": "Tracks condition without confusing large body size with adequate nutrition." }, { "name": "Breeding soundness assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Not assessed or dated professional assessment with protocol, component results and limitations", "why_it_matters": "Supports breeding decisions without turning a past assessment into a permanent fertility guarantee." }, { "name": "Scrotal circumference", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "cm, with age, date, method and assessor", "why_it_matters": "Provides one reproductive assessment measure whose interpretation requires context." }, { "name": "Locomotor condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Observed gait, weight-bearing ability and identified limitations, with date", "why_it_matters": "Affects welfare, movement and ability to perform natural service." }, { "name": "Behaviour in context", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Dated observations during handling, isolation and cattle contact, including threats or incidents", "why_it_matters": "Supports context-specific precautions without assuming that previous calm behaviour guarantees safety." }, { "name": "Breeding access and assignment", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked mating group, access dates and intended use: natural service, semen collection, no breeding or undecided", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes reproductive capacity from authorised breeding opportunities." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify the animal as a bull or flag uncertainty requiring record review or qualified examination.", "Compare growth, condition and reproductive development across dated observations.", "Check whether evidence supports a proposed breeding assignment and identify missing assessments.", "Identify welfare or mobility changes that require qualified attention.", "Evaluate proposed housing, transport and handling arrangements against the individual bull's size and observed behaviour.", "Trace mating exposure and possible offspring links while preserving uncertainty about paternity." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "bull-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Bull identity and boundaries", "description": "Establishes which animal is represented and why the cattle sense of bull applies.", "rationale": "Bull is a sex and management category, so species identity, individual identity and intact status must remain distinct.", "layers": [ { "id": "individual-and-cattle-assignment", "name": "Individual and cattle assignment", "description": "Links a recognisable animal to its biological and registry context.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-cattle-individual", "name": "Traceable cattle individual", "description": "Record individual identifiers and evidence for cattle taxon, hybrid ancestry and breed assignments without deriving them from the word bull.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which identifier and issuing system distinguish this bull from other animals?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-cattle-individual-q01" }, { "text": "Which records support its cattle taxon, ancestry and breed assignments?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-cattle-individual-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "male-intact-category", "name": "Male intact category", "description": "Defines the sex and castration boundary while retaining uncertainty.", "findings": [ { "id": "bull-category-evidence", "name": "Bull category evidence", "description": "Establish male and intact status independently of appearance, fertility and breeding assignment; record atypical anatomy or conflicting records explicitly.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes male sex and current castration status?", "kind": "definition", "id": "bull-category-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does a castration record or uncertain reproductive anatomy require reclassification or qualification?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "bull-category-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "growth-and-sexual-development", "name": "Growth and sexual development", "description": "Separates chronological age, physical growth and reproductive development.", "rationale": "A developing bull and a mature bull can share the same category while requiring different interpretations and management.", "layers": [ { "id": "age-and-growth", "name": "Age and growth", "description": "Records the evidence needed to interpret the bull's stage of development.", "findings": [ { "id": "dated-development-profile", "name": "Dated development profile", "description": "Associate age, body mass and growth observations with dates and methods rather than applying a universal maturity threshold.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the bull's age documented from birth or estimated, and with what uncertainty?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "dated-development-profile-q01" }, { "text": "How has its measured body mass changed over the recorded growth interval?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "dated-development-profile-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reproductive-maturation", "name": "Reproductive maturation", "description": "Distinguishes developing reproductive capacity from readiness for a particular breeding role.", "findings": [ { "id": "maturation-evidence", "name": "Maturation evidence", "description": "Record the basis for developmental classification without equating mounting behaviour or chronological age with established fertility.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observations or professional assessments support the recorded reproductive stage?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "maturation-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What further evidence is needed before assigning this developing bull to breeding?", "kind": "action", "id": "maturation-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "reproductive-capacity-and-use", "name": "Reproductive capacity and use", "description": "Connects dated reproductive evidence to intended breeding activity and subsequent outcomes.", "rationale": "Intact status, breeding soundness, natural-service ability and confirmed paternity are different claims.", "layers": [ { "id": "breeding-assessment", "name": "Breeding assessment", "description": "Records reproductive assessment results with their methods and limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualified-reproductive-evidence", "name": "Qualified reproductive evidence", "description": "Keep examination findings, scrotal measurements and any semen assessment attached to the assessor, date and protocol.", "questions": [ { "text": "When, by whom and under which protocol was the bull assessed for breeding soundness?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "qualified-reproductive-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which component results, limitations or subsequent changes affect the assessment's use for the proposed breeding period?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "qualified-reproductive-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "service-and-parentage", "name": "Service and parentage", "description": "Distinguishes breeding assignment, observed mating, conception and established sire identity.", "findings": [ { "id": "breeding-exposure-and-outcomes", "name": "Breeding exposure and outcomes", "description": "Link the bull to mating groups and exposure dates while separating observed service from reproductive outcomes and verified parentage.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which animals could this bull access, and during which dates?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "breeding-exposure-and-outcomes-q01" }, { "text": "Is a claimed offspring relationship based on exclusive exposure, observation or parentage testing?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "breeding-exposure-and-outcomes-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-functional-welfare", "name": "Condition and functional welfare", "description": "Tracks bodily condition and functional limitations relevant to a bull's welfare and reproductive role.", "rationale": "Reproductive performance alone cannot establish that a bull is physically well or fit for its assigned activity.", "layers": [ { "id": "condition-and-environment", "name": "Condition and environment", "description": "Relates body condition and observed strain to feeding, water access and thermal conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-in-breeding-context", "name": "Condition in breeding context", "description": "Interpret dated condition changes alongside growth, breeding activity and environmental observations.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the bull's condition score, using which scale, and how has it changed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "condition-in-breeding-context-q01" }, { "text": "Do observed feeding access, water access or thermal conditions warrant a husbandry review?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-in-breeding-context-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "mobility-and-reproductive-injury", "name": "Mobility and reproductive injury", "description": "Records movement limitations and suspected injuries that affect welfare or natural service.", "findings": [ { "id": "functional-limitations", "name": "Functional limitations", "description": "Document gait changes, mounting difficulty and observed reproductive-region abnormalities without treating observation as a diagnosis.", "questions": [ { "text": "What changes in gait, weight bearing or mounting ability have been observed, and when?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "functional-limitations-q01" }, { "text": "Which observations require professional assessment before further breeding or movement?", "kind": "action", "id": "functional-limitations-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "behaviour-containment-and-handling", "name": "Behaviour, containment and handling", "description": "Relates the individual bull's behaviour and contact opportunities to practical management decisions.", "rationale": "Bull management must account for physical power, reproductive access and context-dependent behaviour.", "layers": [ { "id": "behaviour-and-social-contact", "name": "Behaviour and social contact", "description": "Records behaviour towards people and cattle in the circumstances where it occurs.", "findings": [ { "id": "contextual-behaviour-record", "name": "Contextual behaviour record", "description": "Describe threats, charging, fighting, mounting and responses to handling as dated events with context rather than a permanent temperament label.", "questions": [ { "text": "What behaviour has occurred around handlers, other bulls or breeding females, and under what conditions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "contextual-behaviour-record-q01" }, { "text": "How should those observations affect the proposed grouping or handling activity?", "kind": "action", "id": "contextual-behaviour-record-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "controlled-access-and-movement", "name": "Controlled access and movement", "description": "Checks whether containment and handling arrangements suit this bull and its intended contacts.", "findings": [ { "id": "suitable-management-arrangements", "name": "Suitable management arrangements", "description": "Relate the bull's dimensions, horn status and incident history to barriers, handling equipment and authorised breeding access.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are the proposed barriers, gates and handling equipment suitable for this bull's size, horn status and observed behaviour?", "kind": "action", "id": "suitable-management-arrangements-q01" }, { "text": "Which cattle can it reach through shared boundaries or movement routes, and is that contact intended?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "suitable-management-arrangements-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "No sense was supplied; domestic cattle is the assumed meaning.", "Bull has no independent taxonomic authority, native range or conservation assessment; such attributes belong to the relevant taxon or population.", "The mass range is approximate; breed, age and husbandry must be specified for useful reference values." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of bull this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Taurine bull", "Zebu bull", "Crossbred bull" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of bull this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Zoological binomial nomenclature", "value_or_pattern": "Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758", "note": "Names taurine domestic cattle, including both sexes; it is not an identifier for the category bull, and the treatment of zebu cattle varies." }, { "scheme": "National livestock identification", "value_or_pattern": "Individual animal identifier carried on an official ear tag or electronic transponder", "note": "Identifies an individual animal; formats and requirements depend on the jurisdiction." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of bull this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Natural-service breeding in cattle herds", "Semen production for artificial insemination", "Genetic selection through pedigree, performance and progeny evaluation", "Beef production" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of bull this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Mature live body mass", "typical_range": "Approximately 500-1,200; smaller breeds and exceptionally large individuals fall outside this illustrative range", "unit": "kg" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of bull this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Charging, crushing, trampling and goring can cause severe injury or death.", "Poor semen quality, reproductive disease or physical impairment can reduce breeding success.", "Natural mating and semen collection can transmit infectious agents without appropriate controls.", "Inbreeding or excessive use of a single sire can spread inherited defects and reduce genetic diversity.", "Lameness, heat stress and inadequate nutrition can impair welfare and reproductive performance." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of bull this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Taurine, zebu and crossbred cattle differ in their regional prevalence and adaptations to local environments.", "Breeding systems vary between natural service, artificial insemination and combinations of both.", "The word bull also denotes males of some other large mammals; those senses are outside this domestic-cattle description." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of bull this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Cattle", "difference": "Cattle includes all sexes and ages; bull specifies an uncastrated adult male." }, { "name": "Cow", "difference": "In precise cattle terminology, a cow is an adult female, usually one that has calved." }, { "name": "Steer", "difference": "A steer is a castrated male bovine." }, { "name": "Bull calf", "difference": "A bull calf is a young male that has not reached adulthood." }, { "name": "Ox", "difference": "An ox is a bovine trained for draft work, commonly a castrated male; the term identifies a working role." }, { "name": "Beef", "difference": "Beef is meat obtained from cattle, rather than the living animal." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of bull this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend bull specifically as male cattle, or a broader male-animal category that requires explicit species-dependent boundaries?", "Which existing Vercy cattle or livestock model should supply shared organism characteristics and prevent duplicate ownership?", "Which authoritative cattle taxonomy should anchor this entry, including treatment of domestic lineages and hybrids and corresponding GBIF or NCBI identifiers?", "Which regional or husbandry conventions govern the labels bull calf, young bull and mature bull, and how should those conventions be recorded?", "Which professional protocols and jurisdiction-specific requirements should govern breeding assessments, animal identification, movement and handling decisions?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a bull, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise an individual bull, assess its development, reproductive role and welfare, and identify appropriate breeding, housing and handling decisions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Novvos, Bodacious.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 70 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a bull, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Novvos", "Bodacious" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 70 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one bull from another, and a bull from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a bull sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a bull from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a bull is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a bull and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a bull is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a bull is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a bull is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a bull moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a bull passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a bull between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a bull, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a bull is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What bull is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of bull, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate bull from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish bull from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What bull does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does bull pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of bull judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where bull lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of bull, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does bull hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a bull came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a bull and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a bull is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a bull, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a bull, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a bull is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }