{ "model": { "rank": 15513, "code": "thing-q723835", "model_id": "vr.tr.swiss-system-tournament", "name": "Swiss-system tournament", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the Swiss system and its pairing rules, relay official pairing systems and tiebreaks from federations such as FIDE, describe uses across games and sports, and distinguish it from round-robin and knockout formats.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.EVT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q723835/", "tier": 2, "score": 34, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 34, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q723835", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q723835", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T02:17:19Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q723835", "registryId": "vr.tr.swiss-system-tournament", "name": "Swiss-system tournament", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.EVT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q723835/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.swiss-system-tournament", "name": "Swiss-system tournament", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the Swiss system and its pairing rules, relay official pairing systems and tiebreaks from federations such as FIDE, describe uses across games and sports, and distinguish it from round-robin and knockout formats.", "definition": "A tournament format in which players are paired in each round against opponents with similar scores rather than in elimination or all-play-all, so that a large field can be ranked in a fixed number of rounds without anyone being eliminated, first used at a Zurich chess tournament in 1895 and now standard in chess, Go, bridge, debating and esports, with variants such as accelerated pairings and the Dutch and Burstein systems and tiebreaks such as Buchholz.", "what_it_is_for": "Ranking large fields in few rounds.", "affordances": [ "explain the format and pairing rules", "relay official systems and tiebreaks", "describe uses", "distinguish from other formats" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "No elimination", "Score-group pairing", "Fixed rounds", "Tiebreak reliance" ], "appearance": "Not a physical object; pairing tables and standings by round.", "visual_identification": [ "Score-based pairing tournament", "Dutch, Burstein and accelerated systems, Buchholz tiebreaks", "Round-robin plays everyone; knockout eliminates losers; ladders are ongoing" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "first use", "typical_range": "1895", "unit": "year", "note": "Zurich" }, { "quantity": "rounds needed for winner", "typical_range": "about log2 of players", "unit": "rounds", "note": "rule of thumb" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "FIDE Dutch system", "Burstein and Lim systems", "accelerated Swiss pairings", "McMahon system in Go", "Swiss in bridge, debating, esports and card games", "tiebreak systems such as Buchholz and Sonneborn-Berger" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "tournament", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is used in", "target": "chess tournament", "why": "as the standard open format" }, { "relation": "is standardised by", "target": "FIDE", "why": "through pairing rules" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "round-robin tournament", "why": "the all-play-all format" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "FIDE Swiss pairing rules and endorsed software", "Federation rules in Go, bridge and other games", "Tournament regulations of organisers" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Pairing errors", "Unfair tiebreaks", "Too few rounds for field size", "Confusing with other formats" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What the Swiss system is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition and principles.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a Swiss-system tournament, and what principles govern pairing?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the format Swiss, round-robin, knockout or a ladder?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rules", "name": "Rules", "description": "Pairing rules.", "findings": [ { "id": "rules-finding", "name": "Rules", "description": "Rules.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the FIDE Dutch system and other systems pair players and handle colours and floats?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific system?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "run", "name": "Run", "description": "Running a tournament.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "software", "name": "Software", "description": "Software and arbitration.", "findings": [ { "id": "software-finding", "name": "Software", "description": "Software.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do arbiters and pairing software run Swiss tournaments?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "tiebreaks", "name": "Tiebreaks", "description": "Tiebreaks.", "findings": [ { "id": "tiebreaks-finding", "name": "Tiebreaks", "description": "Tiebreaks.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do Buchholz, Sonneborn-Berger and other tiebreaks work, and what are their limits?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits tiebreak?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "uses", "name": "Uses", "description": "Uses beyond chess.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "games", "name": "Games", "description": "Other games.", "findings": [ { "id": "games-finding", "name": "Games", "description": "Games.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is the Swiss system used in Go, bridge, debating, esports and card games?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "variants", "name": "Variants", "description": "Variants.", "findings": [ { "id": "variants-finding", "name": "Variants", "description": "Variants.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are accelerated pairings and the McMahon system?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits McMahon system?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and analysis.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did the Swiss system originate in 1895 and spread?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of chess tournaments?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "analysis", "name": "Analysis", "description": "Fairness analysis.", "findings": [ { "id": "analysis-finding", "name": "Analysis", "description": "Analysis.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do analyses say about the fairness and accuracy of Swiss rankings?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits tournament design?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should the Dutch system and Buchholz be separate entries?", "How should FIDE rules be linked?", "How should non-chess variants be recorded?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "event or period", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Swiss-system tournament, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain the Swiss system and its pairing rules, relay official pairing systems and tiebreaks from federations such as FIDE, describe uses across games and sports, and distinguish it from round-robin and knockout formats.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 34 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Swiss-system tournament, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not a thing to see. Recognised by when it happened and who was involved, on the account of somebody." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 34 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Swiss-system tournament from another, and a Swiss-system tournament from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Swiss-system tournament sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Swiss-system tournament from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Swiss-system tournament passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Swiss-system tournament between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Swiss-system tournament, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Swiss-system tournament is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a Swiss-system tournament proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a Swiss-system tournament, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a Swiss-system tournament and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a Swiss-system tournament consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a Swiss-system tournament takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "extent-and-dating", "name": "Temporal extent and dating", "description": "When Swiss-system tournament began and ended, and who says so.", "rationale": "Dates for events are conventions held by historiographies that disagree, and a single confident date hides the disagreement.", "layers": [ { "id": "dating", "name": "Dating and calendar", "description": "Start, end, granularity and the calendar used.", "findings": [ { "id": "date-record", "name": "Dates, granularity and authority", "description": "What is dated, how precisely, and on whose account.", "questions": [ { "id": "date-record-q01", "text": "What start and end are conventionally given for Swiss-system tournament, at what granularity, in which calendar?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "date-record-q02", "text": "Which accounts date it differently, and on what grounds?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "membership-of-the-event", "name": "What counts as part of it", "description": "Sub-events included or excluded, and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "inclusion", "name": "Inclusion and exclusion", "description": "The episodes treated as inside the event and those left out.", "questions": [ { "id": "inclusion-q01", "text": "Which episodes are counted as part of Swiss-system tournament, and which are treated as separate?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "inclusion-q02", "text": "Whose framing is being followed in that inclusion, and who frames it otherwise?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "participants-and-consequence", "name": "Participants, causes and consequences", "description": "Who took part in Swiss-system tournament and what is claimed to follow from it.", "rationale": "Causation around events is asserted rather than observed, so each claim needs the party asserting it.", "layers": [ { "id": "participants", "name": "Participants and roles", "description": "Parties involved and what each did.", "findings": [ { "id": "participant-record", "name": "Parties and their roles", "description": "Who is recorded as involved and in what capacity.", "questions": [ { "id": "participant-record-q01", "text": "Which parties took part in Swiss-system tournament, in what roles, and on whose account?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "participant-record-q02", "text": "Where do accounts disagree about who was involved?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequences", "name": "Causes and consequences", "description": "What is claimed to have caused it and followed from it.", "findings": [ { "id": "causal-claims", "name": "Causal claims and who makes them", "description": "Antecedents and outcomes as attributed claims.", "questions": [ { "id": "causal-claims-q01", "text": "What causes and consequences are attributed to Swiss-system tournament, and by whom?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "causal-claims-q02", "text": "What would an agent need before treating such a claim as settled rather than contested?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Swiss-system tournament came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Swiss-system tournament and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Swiss-system tournament is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Swiss-system tournament, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Swiss-system tournament, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Swiss-system tournament is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }