{ "model": { "rank": 13666, "code": "thing-q753060", "model_id": "vr.tr.open-game", "name": "Open Game", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the Open Game family, identify its main and minor openings with ECO codes, relay their assessment and history from opening references, and distinguish open games from semi-open and closed games.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q753060/", "tier": 2, "score": 37, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Bongcloud Attack", "Napoleon Opening", "King's Knight Opening", "Alapin's Opening", "Wayward Queen Attack", "Gunderam Defense", "Lopez Opening", "Urusov gambit", "Center Game", "Vienna Game", "Bishop's Opening", "Italian Game", "Konstantinopolsky Opening", "Greco Defence", "Inverted Hungarian Opening", "Irish Gambit", "Elephant Gambit", "Centre Gambit", "Danish Gambit", "Center Game, Halasz Gambit", "Vienna Game, Frankenstein–Dracula Variation", "Anderssen Gambit", "Vienna Gambit", "Adams Gambit", "Balanel Gambit", "McDonnell Double Gambit", "Ponziani Gambit", "Lewis Gambit", "Blackburne Shilling Gambit", "Paris Defence", "Danish Gambit, Lindehn's continuation", "Center Game, Sørensen Gambit" ], "aliasCount": 32, "merged": 32, "knownIn": 37, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q753060", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753060", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T02:10:35Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q753060", "registryId": "vr.tr.open-game", "name": "Open Game", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q753060/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.open-game", "name": "Open Game", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the Open Game family, identify its main and minor openings with ECO codes, relay their assessment and history from opening references, and distinguish open games from semi-open and closed games.", "definition": "A family of chess openings beginning with 1.e4 e5, the King Pawn Game with symmetrical reply, leading to openings such as the Ruy Lopez, Italian Game, Scotch Game, Petrov Defence and King Gambit, mostly through the King Knight Opening 2.Nf3, as well as rare and dubious lines such as the Napoleon Opening, Alapin Opening, Wayward Queen Attack, Gunderam Defence and the joke Bongcloud Attack; open games are the classical starting point for chess instruction and produce open, tactical positions.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a chess opening family.", "affordances": [ "explain the family and main lines", "identify minor and dubious lines", "relay assessments and history", "distinguish from other families" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Symmetrical king pawn start", "Classical instruction basis", "Tactical character", "Many named lines" ], "appearance": "Not a physical object; a board position after 1.e4 e5.", "visual_identification": [ "Openings after 1.e4 e5", "Ruy Lopez, Italian, Scotch, Petrov, King Gambit and rare lines", "Semi-open games answer 1.e4 with other moves; closed games begin 1.d4 d5" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "ECO codes", "typical_range": "C20 to C99", "unit": "range", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "King Knight Opening lines: Ruy Lopez, Italian Game, Scotch Game, Petrov Defence, Philidor Defence", "King Gambit and Vienna Game", "Bishop Opening and Centre Game", "rare openings such as Napoleon, Alapin, Wayward Queen and Portuguese", "dubious and joke lines such as the Bongcloud", "defences such as the Gunderam" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "King Pawn Game", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "Ruy Lopez", "why": "the most studied line" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "semi-open game", "why": "where Black avoids 1...e5" }, { "relation": "is classified in", "target": "ECO code", "why": "volume C" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ECO", "value_or_pattern": "C20-C99", "note": "open games" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "FIDE laws of chess", "No regulation of openings" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing families and names", "Treating joke lines as serious", "Stale theory" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What open games are.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition and main lines.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are open games, and what are the main openings after 1.e4 e5?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the opening an open, semi-open or closed game?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "minor", "name": "Minor", "description": "Minor and rare lines.", "findings": [ { "id": "minor-finding", "name": "Minor", "description": "Minor.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the rare and dubious open game lines, and why are they rarely played?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific opening?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "play", "name": "Play", "description": "Playing open games.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "ideas", "name": "Ideas", "description": "Strategic ideas.", "findings": [ { "id": "ideas-finding", "name": "Ideas", "description": "Ideas.", "questions": [ { "text": "What strategic and tactical themes characterise open games?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Learning.", "findings": [ { "id": "learning-finding", "name": "Learning", "description": "Learning.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why are open games recommended for beginners, and how are they studied?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits chess instruction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History and theory.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did open games dominate romantic chess and evolve in modern practice?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "engines", "name": "Engines", "description": "Engine assessment.", "findings": [ { "id": "engines-finding", "name": "Engines", "description": "Engines.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do engines assess the main and minor open games today?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits chess engine analysis?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Culture.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "culture", "name": "Culture", "description": "Culture and memes.", "findings": [ { "id": "culture-finding", "name": "Culture", "description": "Culture.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did lines such as the Bongcloud become internet culture?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the Bongcloud Attack?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "naming", "name": "Naming", "description": "Naming conventions.", "findings": [ { "id": "naming-finding", "name": "Naming", "description": "Naming.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are openings named and coded?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits chess opening nomenclature?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each major opening be a separate entry?", "How should opening databases be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming rare and joke lines; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Open Game, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain the Open Game family, identify its main and minor openings with ECO codes, relay their assessment and history from opening references, and distinguish open games from semi-open and closed games.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Bongcloud Attack, Napoleon Opening, King's Knight Opening, Alapin's Opening, Wayward Queen Attack, Gunderam Defense, Lopez Opening, Urusov gambit, Center Game, Vienna Game, Bishop's Opening, Italian Game.", "32 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 37 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Open Game, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Bongcloud Attack", "Napoleon Opening", "King's Knight Opening", "Alapin's Opening", "Wayward Queen Attack", "Gunderam Defense", "Lopez Opening", "Urusov gambit", "Center Game", "Vienna Game", "Bishop's Opening", "Italian Game" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 37 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 32 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Open Game from another, and a Open Game from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Open Game, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Open Game, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Open Game is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Open Game, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Open Game, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Open Game is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Open Game sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Open Game, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Open Game, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Open Game is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Open Game from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Open Game, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Open Game, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Open Game is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Open Game passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Open Game between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Open Game, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Open Game, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Open Game is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Open Game, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Open Game is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Open Game, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Open Game, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Open Game is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What Open Game is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of Open Game are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is Open Game operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of Open Game and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of Open Game?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as Open Game?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Open Game came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Open Game and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Open Game, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Open Game, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Open Game is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Open Game is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Open Game, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Open Game, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Open Game is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }