{ "model": { "rank": 1225, "code": "thing-q7553", "model_id": "vr.tr.translation", "name": "translation", "purpose": "Let an agent handle translation by language pair, type, quality, certification and tools, and support accurate, culturally aware translation.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q7553/", "tier": 2, "score": 167, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "translation by target language", "translation by source language", "translation into French", "translation into German", "translation into Polish", "translation into Russian", "translation into Slovak", "translation into Serbian", "translation into Swedish", "translation into Czech", "translation into Slovene", "translation into Slavic languages", "translation into Croatian", "translation into Finnish", "translation into Macedonian", "translation into Greek", "translation into Church Slavic", "translation into Latin", "translation into Hebrew", "translation into Esperanto", "translation into Spanish", "translation into Danish", "translation into Romanian", "translation into Romani", "translation into Azerbaijani", "translation into Sanskrit", "translation into Turkish", "translation into Persian", "translation into Arabic", "translation into Dutch", "translation into Chinese", "translation into Lithuanian language", "translation into Judeo-Persian language", "translation into Syriac", "translation into Coptic language", "translation into Tibetan", "translation into Korean", "translation into Kashubian language", "translation into Sorbian language", "translation into Portuguese" ], "aliasCount": 169, "merged": 169, "knownIn": 167, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.translation-act", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q7553", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T11:20:24Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q7553", "registryId": "vr.tr.translation", "name": "translation", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q7553/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.translation", "name": "translation", "purpose": "Let an agent handle translation by language pair, type, quality, certification and tools, and support accurate, culturally aware translation.", "definition": "The communication of the meaning of a text from a source language into a target language, by human translators, machine translation or both; related to interpreting of speech, localisation and certified or sworn translation for official use.", "what_it_is_for": "Communication across languages.", "affordances": [ "choose human, machine or post-edited translation", "find certified or sworn translators", "check translation quality", "localise content culturally" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Transfers meaning across languages", "Human and machine methods", "Quality varies", "Official uses need certification" ], "appearance": "Texts in two or more languages; translation tools and memories.", "visual_identification": [ "Source and target languages", "Certified translation stamps", "Interpreting is spoken rather than written" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "literary translation", "technical and legal translation", "certified and sworn translation", "machine translation", "localisation" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "human communication and transformation", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is performed by", "target": "translator", "why": "professional" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "interpreting", "why": "spoken counterpart" }, { "relation": "uses", "target": "machine translation", "why": "tool" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ISO 17100 translation services", "ISO 18587 post-editing of machine translation", "Rules for sworn translators" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Mistranslation in legal or medical documents", "Unreviewed machine translation", "Cultural insensitivity" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "task", "name": "Task", "description": "What to translate.", "rationale": "Purpose decides method.", "layers": [ { "id": "pair", "name": "Pair", "description": "Languages.", "findings": [ { "id": "pair-finding", "name": "Pair", "description": "Language pair.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which source and target languages and varieties are needed?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Who is the audience?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method", "description": "Human or machine.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-finding", "name": "Method", "description": "Method.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is human, machine or post-edited translation appropriate here?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What are the risks of each?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "official", "name": "Official", "description": "Certification.", "rationale": "Official uses need certification.", "layers": [ { "id": "certified", "name": "Certified", "description": "Sworn translation.", "findings": [ { "id": "certified-finding", "name": "Certified", "description": "Certified translation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the receiving authority require a certified or sworn translation?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How can a qualified translator be found?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "high-risk", "name": "High risk", "description": "Legal and medical.", "findings": [ { "id": "high-risk-finding", "name": "High risk", "description": "High-risk documents.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this a legal or medical text where errors could cause harm?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Should a professional review it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "quality", "name": "Quality", "description": "Checking.", "rationale": "Quality must be checked.", "layers": [ { "id": "review", "name": "Review", "description": "Revision.", "findings": [ { "id": "review-finding", "name": "Review", "description": "Quality review.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can the translation be reviewed for accuracy?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which standard applies?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "terminology", "name": "Terminology", "description": "Consistency.", "findings": [ { "id": "terminology-finding", "name": "Terminology", "description": "Terminology.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which glossary or term base should be used?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Are terms consistent?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "culture", "name": "Culture", "description": "Localisation.", "rationale": "Meaning depends on culture.", "layers": [ { "id": "localise", "name": "Localise", "description": "Adaptation.", "findings": [ { "id": "localise-finding", "name": "Localise", "description": "Localisation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cultural adaptations are needed?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Are idioms and units adapted?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "interpreting", "name": "Interpreting", "description": "Spoken.", "findings": [ { "id": "interpreting-finding", "name": "Interpreting", "description": "Interpreting.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is spoken interpreting needed instead, and which mode?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How can a qualified interpreter be booked?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should translation types be separate entries?", "How should translator registers be linked?", "How should language pairs be modelled?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a translation, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle translation by language pair, type, quality, certification and tools, and support accurate, culturally aware translation.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: translation by target language, translation by source language, translation into French, translation into German, translation into Polish, translation into Russian, translation into Slovak, translation into Serbian, translation into Swedish, translation into Czech, translation into Slovene, translation into Slavic languages.", "169 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 167 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a translation, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "translation by target language", "translation by source language", "translation into French", "translation into German", "translation into Polish", "translation into Russian", "translation into Slovak", "translation into Serbian", "translation into Swedish", "translation into Czech", "translation into Slovene", "translation into Slavic languages" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 167 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 169 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one translation from another, and a translation from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a translation sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a translation from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a translation passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a translation between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a translation, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a translation is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a translation proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a translation, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a translation and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a translation consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a translation takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What translation is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of translation are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is translation operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of translation and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of translation?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as translation?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a translation came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a translation and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a translation is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a translation, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a translation, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a translation is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }