{ "model": { "rank": 15851, "code": "thing-q757382", "model_id": "vr.tr.insolvency", "name": "insolvency", "purpose": "Let an agent explain insolvency, relay tests, procedures and consequences from insolvency law and debt advice sources in general terms, point people in financial distress to free debt advice and people in crisis to support, describe the named forms, and distinguish insolvency from bankruptcy as a legal status, illiquidity, default on a single debt and business failure.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q757382/", "tier": 2, "score": 33, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "impending insolvency", "Zwangsvergleich", "personal bankruptcy", "sole trader insolvency" ], "aliasCount": 4, "merged": 4, "knownIn": 33, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.insolvency", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q757382", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757382", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T22:52:39Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q757382", "registryId": "vr.tr.insolvency", "name": "insolvency", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q757382/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.insolvency", "name": "insolvency", "purpose": "Let an agent explain insolvency, relay tests, procedures and consequences from insolvency law and debt advice sources in general terms, point people in financial distress to free debt advice and people in crisis to support, describe the named forms, and distinguish insolvency from bankruptcy as a legal status, illiquidity, default on a single debt and business failure.", "definition": "The state of being unable to pay debts as they fall due, called cash-flow insolvency, or having liabilities exceeding assets, called balance-sheet insolvency, which can lead to formal procedures such as bankruptcy for individuals, including personal and sole trader bankruptcy, and liquidation, administration or restructuring for companies, under national laws such as the US Bankruptcy Code chapters 7, 11 and 13, the UK Insolvency Act 1986 and the German Insolvenzordnung, which includes impending insolvency as a ground for filing; the registry alias Zwangsvergleich names a compulsory composition with creditors in older German and Austrian law. Free debt advice is available from charities and public services, and nothing here is legal or financial advice.", "what_it_is_for": "Understanding inability to pay debts.", "affordances": [ "explain tests and procedures", "relay consequences in general terms", "describe named forms", "point to free debt advice" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Cash-flow or balance-sheet tests", "Formal procedures", "Creditor priorities", "Personal and corporate forms" ], "appearance": "Not a physical object; seen in court filings, notices and accounts.", "visual_identification": [ "Inability to pay debts", "Impending insolvency, Zwangsvergleich, personal bankruptcy, sole trader insolvency", "Bankruptcy is a legal procedure; illiquidity is short-term; default is a missed payment; business failure may not involve insolvency" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "UK Insolvency Act", "typical_range": "1986", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "US Bankruptcy Code", "typical_range": "1978", "unit": "year", "note": "chapters 7, 11, 13" }, { "quantity": "EU Restructuring Directive", "typical_range": "2019/1023", "unit": "directive", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "personal bankruptcy", "sole trader insolvency", "corporate liquidation", "administration and restructuring", "debt relief and voluntary arrangements" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "financial risk", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "can lead to", "target": "bankruptcy", "why": "" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "liquidation", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "default (finance)", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "National insolvency laws", "EU Insolvency Regulation 2015/848", "UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Giving legal or financial advice", "Debt management scams", "Ignoring mental health effects of debt" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What insolvency is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is someone overwhelmed by debt and feeling hopeless, in which case crisis support and free debt advice services can help now?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What is insolvency, and how does it differ from bankruptcy, illiquidity, default and business failure?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "forms", "name": "Forms", "description": "Named forms.", "findings": [ { "id": "forms-finding", "name": "Forms", "description": "Forms.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are impending insolvency, Zwangsvergleich, personal bankruptcy and sole trader insolvency?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific form?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "Procedures.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "tests", "name": "Tests", "description": "Insolvency tests.", "findings": [ { "id": "tests-finding", "name": "Tests", "description": "Tests.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do cash-flow and balance-sheet tests work, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "procedures", "name": "Procedures", "description": "Procedures.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-finding", "name": "Procedures", "description": "Procedures.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do liquidation, administration and Chapter 11 restructuring differ?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "people", "name": "People", "description": "Personal insolvency.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "advice", "name": "Advice", "description": "Debt advice.", "findings": [ { "id": "advice-finding", "name": "Advice", "description": "Advice.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where can people get free, regulated debt advice, and how can they avoid fee-charging scams?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits debt counseling?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequences", "name": "Consequences", "description": "Consequences.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequences-finding", "name": "Consequences", "description": "Consequences.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are general consequences of personal bankruptcy for credit and property?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the information general rather than legal advice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Economy.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "trends", "name": "Trends", "description": "Insolvency trends.", "findings": [ { "id": "trends-finding", "name": "Trends", "description": "Trends.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do official statistics show about insolvency trends, with sources attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the information current?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did insolvency law move from debtors prisons to rescue culture?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits debtors prison?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should Zwangsvergleich be moved to historical German and Austrian law entries?", "How should insolvency laws be linked by country?", "Should personal bankruptcy be a separate entry?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a insolvency, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain insolvency, relay tests, procedures and consequences from insolvency law and debt advice sources in general terms, point people in financial distress to free debt advice and people in crisis to support, describe the named forms, and distinguish insolvency from bankruptcy as a legal status, illiquidity, default on a single debt and business failure.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: impending insolvency, Zwangsvergleich, personal bankruptcy, sole trader insolvency.", "4 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 33 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a insolvency, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "impending insolvency", "Zwangsvergleich", "personal bankruptcy", "sole trader insolvency" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 33 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 4 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one insolvency from another, and a insolvency from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a insolvency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a insolvency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a insolvency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a insolvency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a insolvency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a insolvency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a insolvency sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a insolvency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a insolvency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a insolvency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a insolvency from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a insolvency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a insolvency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a insolvency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a insolvency passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a insolvency between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a insolvency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a insolvency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a insolvency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a insolvency, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a insolvency is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a insolvency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a insolvency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a insolvency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What insolvency is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of insolvency are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is insolvency operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of insolvency and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of insolvency?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as insolvency?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a insolvency came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a insolvency and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a insolvency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a insolvency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a insolvency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a insolvency is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a insolvency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a insolvency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a insolvency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }