{ "model": { "rank": 10731, "code": "thing-q75920", "model_id": "vr.tr.thermodynamic-cycle", "name": "thermodynamic cycle", "purpose": "Let an agent handle thermodynamic cycles by type, processes, efficiency and applications in engines, power plants and heat pumps.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.PRC", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q75920/", "tier": 2, "score": 44, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "integrated gasification combined cycle", "reversed Carnot cycle", "Diesel cycle", "Hampson–Linde cycle", "Otto cycle", "Rankine cycle", "expander cycle", "combustion tap-off cycle", "gas-generator cycle", "Humphrey cycle", "Ericsson cycle", "Atkinson cycle", "Bordwell thermodynamic cycle", "staged combustion cycle", "High-efficiency hybrid cycle", "Kleemenko cycle", "Miller cycle", "Lenoir cycle", "Pseudo Stirling cycle", "Scuderi cycle", "Brayton cycle", "Solar–hydrogen energy cycle", "Siemens cycle", "Mixed/dual cycle", "Kalina cycle", "Stirling cycle", "Thermogravitational cycle", "Fickett–Jacobs cycle", "Rankine-Hirn cycle" ], "aliasCount": 29, "merged": 29, "knownIn": 44, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q75920", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75920", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T11:32:52Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q75920", "registryId": "vr.tr.thermodynamic-cycle", "name": "thermodynamic cycle", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.PRC" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q75920/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.thermodynamic-cycle", "name": "thermodynamic cycle", "purpose": "Let an agent handle thermodynamic cycles by type, processes, efficiency and applications in engines, power plants and heat pumps.", "definition": "A sequence of thermodynamic processes that returns a working fluid to its initial state, converting heat to work or moving heat, such as the Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Rankine, Brayton and refrigeration cycles.", "what_it_is_for": "Understanding engines, power generation and refrigeration.", "affordances": [ "identify cycle types and processes", "calculate ideal efficiencies", "compare real and ideal performance", "relate cycles to machines" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Returns to initial state", "Net work or heat transfer", "Efficiency limited by Carnot", "Basis of engines and heat pumps" ], "appearance": "Represented on pressure-volume and temperature-entropy diagrams.", "visual_identification": [ "Closed loops on PV or TS diagrams", "Named cycles such as Otto or Rankine", "Business or life cycles are different senses" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "Carnot cycle", "Otto and Diesel cycles", "Rankine cycle", "Brayton and combined cycles", "refrigeration and heat pump cycles" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "thermodynamic process", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is used in", "target": "engine and power station", "why": "applications" }, { "relation": "is limited by", "target": "second law of thermodynamics", "why": "principle" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "efficient energy use", "why": "goal" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ISO performance test codes for turbines", "Engineering thermodynamics conventions" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Assuming ideal efficiency in real machines", "Unit errors in calculations" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "cycle", "name": "Cycle", "description": "Which cycle.", "rationale": "Cycles differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "type", "name": "Type", "description": "Named cycle.", "findings": [ { "id": "type-finding", "name": "Type", "description": "Cycle type.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which thermodynamic cycle is used here?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What processes make it up?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "diagram", "name": "Diagram", "description": "PV and TS.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagram-finding", "name": "Diagram", "description": "Diagrams.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does the cycle appear on a PV or TS diagram?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What does the enclosed area mean?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "performance", "name": "Performance", "description": "Efficiency.", "rationale": "Limits apply.", "layers": [ { "id": "efficiency", "name": "Efficiency", "description": "Ideal efficiency.", "findings": [ { "id": "efficiency-finding", "name": "Efficiency", "description": "Efficiency.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the ideal efficiency for these conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "How does it compare with the Carnot limit?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "real", "name": "Real", "description": "Losses.", "findings": [ { "id": "real-finding", "name": "Real", "description": "Real performance.", "questions": [ { "text": "What losses reduce real-world efficiency?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What is typical measured efficiency?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "applications", "name": "Applications", "description": "Machines.", "rationale": "Cycles power machines.", "layers": [ { "id": "engines", "name": "Engines", "description": "Cars and turbines.", "findings": [ { "id": "engines-finding", "name": "Engines", "description": "Engines.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which machine uses this cycle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How is it improved in practice?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "heat-pumps", "name": "Heat pumps", "description": "Refrigeration.", "findings": [ { "id": "heat-pumps-finding", "name": "Heat pumps", "description": "Heat pumps.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does a heat pump cycle move heat?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What is its coefficient of performance?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Teaching.", "rationale": "Clear steps help.", "layers": [ { "id": "calculate", "name": "Calculate", "description": "Worked examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "calculate-finding", "name": "Calculate", "description": "Calculations.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can the cycle be analysed step by step?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which property data are needed?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "senses", "name": "Senses", "description": "Disambiguation.", "findings": [ { "id": "senses-finding", "name": "Senses", "description": "Other senses.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is another kind of cycle, such as a business cycle, meant?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which entry fits?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each cycle be a separate entry?", "How should property tables be linked?", "How should real-cycle losses be described?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a thermodynamic cycle, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle thermodynamic cycles by type, processes, efficiency and applications in engines, power plants and heat pumps.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: integrated gasification combined cycle, reversed Carnot cycle, Diesel cycle, Hampson–Linde cycle, Otto cycle, Rankine cycle, expander cycle, combustion tap-off cycle, gas-generator cycle, Humphrey cycle, Ericsson cycle, Atkinson cycle.", "29 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 44 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a thermodynamic cycle, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "integrated gasification combined cycle", "reversed Carnot cycle", "Diesel cycle", "Hampson–Linde cycle", "Otto cycle", "Rankine cycle", "expander cycle", "combustion tap-off cycle", "gas-generator cycle", "Humphrey cycle", "Ericsson cycle", "Atkinson cycle" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 44 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 29 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one thermodynamic cycle from another, and a thermodynamic cycle from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a thermodynamic cycle sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a thermodynamic cycle from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a thermodynamic cycle passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a thermodynamic cycle between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a thermodynamic cycle, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a thermodynamic cycle is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a thermodynamic cycle proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a thermodynamic cycle, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a thermodynamic cycle and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a thermodynamic cycle consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a thermodynamic cycle takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What thermodynamic cycle is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of thermodynamic cycle are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is thermodynamic cycle operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of thermodynamic cycle and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of thermodynamic cycle?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as thermodynamic cycle?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a thermodynamic cycle came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a thermodynamic cycle and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a thermodynamic cycle is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a thermodynamic cycle, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a thermodynamic cycle, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a thermodynamic cycle is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }