{ "model": { "rank": 421, "code": "thing-q7737", "model_id": "vr.tr.russian", "name": "Russian", "purpose": "Let an agent handle Russian by grammar, script, varieties, learning resources and status, attributing positions on language policy to their sources.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q7737/", "tier": 2, "score": 320, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Russian language in Japan", "Russian language in the United States", "Russian language in Belarus", "Russian language in Finland", "Russian language in Mongolia", "Russian language in Georgia", "Russian language in Transnistria", "Russian language in Armenia", "Russian language in Kyrgyzstan", "Russian language in Tajikistan", "Russian language in Turkmenistan", "Russian language in Canada", "Russian langiage in Moldova", "Russian language in Israel", "Russian language in Ukraine", "Russian language in Laos", "Russian language in Estonia", "Russian language in Latvia", "Russian language in Lithuania", "Russian language in Serbia", "Russian language in Uzbekistan", "Russian language in Poland", "Russian language in Russia", "Russian language in China", "Russian language in Romania", "Russian language in Azerbaijan", "Russian language in Bulgaria", "Russian language in Alaska", "Russian language in Crimea", "Russenorsk", "Sladkoyazychiye", "Belgorod Dialect", "Cheboksary regional dialect of the Russian language", "Russian standard language", "Pomor dialects", "Northern Russian", "Southern Russian", "Russian orthography before 1918", "Alaskan Russian", "Lake Peipus dialect" ], "aliasCount": 48, "merged": 48, "knownIn": 320, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q7737", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7737", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T13:55:32Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q7737", "registryId": "vr.tr.russian", "name": "Russian", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q7737/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.russian", "name": "Russian", "purpose": "Let an agent handle Russian by grammar, script, varieties, learning resources and status, attributing positions on language policy to their sources.", "definition": "An East Slavic language written in the Cyrillic script, spoken as a first or second language by well over two hundred million people, official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and one of the six official languages of the United Nations; its status in other countries varies and is in some cases politically contested.", "what_it_is_for": "Communication, literature, science and international relations.", "affordances": [ "explain Cyrillic script and pronunciation", "find learning resources and exams", "find official status by country with sources", "translate with attention to register" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "East Slavic language", "Cyrillic script", "Rich case system", "UN official language" ], "appearance": "Cyrillic text with letters such as ya, sh and the soft sign.", "visual_identification": [ "Cyrillic alphabet", "Six grammatical cases", "Ukrainian and Belarusian are related separate languages" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "standard Russian", "regional varieties", "Russian in diaspora communities", "historical Old Russian" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "East Slavic language", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is written in", "target": "Cyrillic script", "why": "script" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "Ukrainian and Belarusian", "why": "related languages" }, { "relation": "is spoken by", "target": "Russians", "why": "people" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ISO 639-1", "value_or_pattern": "ru", "note": "language code" }, { "scheme": "ISO 639-3", "value_or_pattern": "rus", "note": "language code" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "National language laws", "UN official language arrangements", "TORFL (TRKI) exams" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Conflating language with nationality or politics", "Unattributed claims on language policy", "Transliteration inconsistency" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "language", "name": "Language", "description": "Structure.", "rationale": "Grammar and script.", "layers": [ { "id": "script", "name": "Script", "description": "Cyrillic.", "findings": [ { "id": "script-finding", "name": "Script", "description": "Cyrillic script.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are these Cyrillic letters pronounced and transliterated?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which transliteration standard applies?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grammar", "name": "Grammar", "description": "Cases and aspect.", "findings": [ { "id": "grammar-finding", "name": "Grammar", "description": "Grammar.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do cases and verb aspect work in Russian?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which grammar reference is reliable?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "status", "name": "Status", "description": "Official status.", "rationale": "Status varies.", "layers": [ { "id": "countries", "name": "Countries", "description": "Legal status.", "findings": [ { "id": "countries-finding", "name": "Countries", "description": "Legal status by country.", "questions": [ { "text": "What legal status does Russian have in this country, according to its laws?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Has it changed recently?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "contested", "name": "Contested", "description": "Language policy debates.", "findings": [ { "id": "contested-finding", "name": "Contested", "description": "Language policy debates.", "questions": [ { "text": "What positions exist on Russian language policy here, and who holds them?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the summary neutral and attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Studying Russian.", "rationale": "Learners need resources.", "layers": [ { "id": "resources", "name": "Resources", "description": "Courses.", "findings": [ { "id": "resources-finding", "name": "Resources", "description": "Learning resources.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which resources suit this learner level?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "How can cases be practised?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "exams", "name": "Exams", "description": "Certificates.", "findings": [ { "id": "exams-finding", "name": "Exams", "description": "Exams.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which certificates, such as TORFL levels, fit this goal?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Where can they be taken?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use", "name": "Use", "description": "Translation and data.", "rationale": "Use needs care.", "layers": [ { "id": "translation", "name": "Translation", "description": "Register.", "findings": [ { "id": "translation-finding", "name": "Translation", "description": "Translation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Should formal vy or informal ty be used in this translation?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which terms differ regionally?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "speakers", "name": "Speakers", "description": "Statistics.", "findings": [ { "id": "speakers-finding", "name": "Speakers", "description": "Speaker numbers.", "questions": [ { "text": "How many speakers are there, according to recent sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "First or second language?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should Russian in each country be a separate entry?", "How should speaker figures be sourced?", "How should transliteration schemes be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Russian, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle Russian by grammar, script, varieties, learning resources and status, attributing positions on language policy to their sources.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Russian language in Japan, Russian language in the United States, Russian language in Belarus, Russian language in Finland, Russian language in Mongolia, Russian language in Georgia, Russian language in Transnistria, Russian language in Armenia, Russian language in Kyrgyzstan, Russian language in Tajikistan, Russian language in Turkmenistan, Russian language in Canada.", "48 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 320 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Russian, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Russian language in Japan", "Russian language in the United States", "Russian language in Belarus", "Russian language in Finland", "Russian language in Mongolia", "Russian language in Georgia", "Russian language in Transnistria", "Russian language in Armenia", "Russian language in Kyrgyzstan", "Russian language in Tajikistan", "Russian language in Turkmenistan", "Russian language in Canada" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 320 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 48 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Russian from another, and a Russian from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Russian sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Russian from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Russian passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Russian between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Russian, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Russian is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a Russian says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a Russian contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a Russian and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of Russian a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For Russian, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of Russian exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made Russian and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to Russian, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in Russian, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Russian came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Russian and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Russian is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Russian, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Russian, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Russian is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }