{ "model": { "rank": 5879, "code": "thing-q7758678", "model_id": "vr.tr.night-blindness", "name": "night blindness", "purpose": "Let an agent explain night blindness and its causes, relay assessment, prevention and general treatment from ophthalmology and WHO sources, describe acquired, nutritional and hereditary forms, and distinguish night blindness from glare sensitivity, general low vision and colour blindness, routing people to eye care.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q7758678/", "tier": 2, "score": 64, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "acquired night blindness", "vitamin A deficiency with night blindness", "abnormal threshold of rods", "hereditary night blindness" ], "aliasCount": 4, "merged": 4, "knownIn": 64, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q7758678", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7758678", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T18:15:16Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q7758678", "registryId": "vr.tr.night-blindness", "name": "night blindness", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q7758678/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.night-blindness", "name": "night blindness", "purpose": "Let an agent explain night blindness and its causes, relay assessment, prevention and general treatment from ophthalmology and WHO sources, describe acquired, nutritional and hereditary forms, and distinguish night blindness from glare sensitivity, general low vision and colour blindness, routing people to eye care.", "definition": "Impaired vision in dim light or darkness, also called nyctalopia, a symptom of rod photoreceptor dysfunction rather than a disease in itself, either acquired, most commonly from vitamin A deficiency, a leading preventable cause of childhood blindness worldwide, or from cataract and some medicines, or hereditary, as in congenital stationary night blindness and retinitis pigmentosa, with an abnormal dark-adaptation threshold of the rods measurable by testing. The model routes people with vision changes to eye care professionals.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a symptom.", "affordances": [ "explain the symptom and causes", "relay prevention and assessment", "route to eye care", "distinguish related conditions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Rod dysfunction", "Nutritional or genetic", "Preventable form", "Symptom not disease" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; difficulty seeing at night.", "visual_identification": [ "Poor vision in dim light", "Acquired night blindness, vitamin A deficiency, hereditary night blindness, abnormal rod threshold", "Glare sensitivity is discomfort from light; low vision is general; colour blindness affects cones" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "children affected by vitamin A deficiency", "typical_range": "about 190", "unit": "million", "note": "WHO estimates, preschool" }, { "quantity": "photoreceptor involved", "typical_range": "rods", "unit": "note", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "test", "typical_range": "dark adaptometry and electroretinography", "unit": "list", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "nutritional night blindness from vitamin A deficiency", "congenital stationary night blindness", "night blindness in retinitis pigmentosa", "acquired forms from cataract, surgery or medication", "xerophthalmia spectrum" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "vision disorder", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "retinal disease", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is often caused by", "target": "vitamin A deficiency", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "color blindness", "why": "which affects cones" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ICD-10", "value_or_pattern": "H53.6", "note": "night blindness" }, { "scheme": "MeSH", "value_or_pattern": "D009755", "note": "Night Blindness" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "WHO vitamin A supplementation guidelines", "Driving vision standards" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Agents giving personal medical or supplement advice", "Vitamin A toxicity from self-supplementation", "Driving risks at night" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What night blindness is.", "rationale": "Clinical.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is night blindness, and how does it differ from glare sensitivity, low vision and colour blindness?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the user describing new vision problems, which need an eye care professional?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "forms", "name": "Forms", "description": "Forms.", "findings": [ { "id": "forms-finding", "name": "Forms", "description": "Forms.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are acquired, nutritional and hereditary night blindness, and what is an abnormal rod threshold?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific form?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "causes", "name": "Causes", "description": "Causes and prevention.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "vitamin", "name": "Vitamin A", "description": "Vitamin A deficiency.", "findings": [ { "id": "vitamin-finding", "name": "Vitamin A", "description": "Vitamin A.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does vitamin A deficiency cause night blindness, and what do WHO programmes do?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "genetic", "name": "Genetic", "description": "Hereditary causes.", "findings": [ { "id": "genetic-finding", "name": "Genetic", "description": "Genetic.", "questions": [ { "text": "What hereditary conditions cause night blindness?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "care", "name": "Care", "description": "Assessment and management.", "rationale": "Clinical.", "layers": [ { "id": "assessment", "name": "Assessment", "description": "Assessment.", "findings": [ { "id": "assessment-finding", "name": "Assessment", "description": "Assessment.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is night blindness assessed with dark adaptation and electroretinography, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits electroretinography?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "management", "name": "Management", "description": "Management.", "findings": [ { "id": "management-finding", "name": "Management", "description": "Management.", "questions": [ { "text": "What general treatments exist, and why should supplementation be medically guided?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits xerophthalmia?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Daily life and history.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "driving", "name": "Driving", "description": "Driving and safety.", "findings": [ { "id": "driving-finding", "name": "Driving", "description": "Driving.", "questions": [ { "text": "What safety advice exists for night driving with impaired night vision?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits driving vision standards?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was the link between diet and night blindness discovered?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of nutrition?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should congenital stationary night blindness be a separate primary entry?", "How should ophthalmology and WHO sources be linked?", "The registry alias abnormal threshold of rods names a test finding; should it be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a night blindness, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain night blindness and its causes, relay assessment, prevention and general treatment from ophthalmology and WHO sources, describe acquired, nutritional and hereditary forms, and distinguish night blindness from glare sensitivity, general low vision and colour blindness, routing people to eye care.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: acquired night blindness, vitamin A deficiency with night blindness, abnormal threshold of rods, hereditary night blindness.", "4 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a night blindness, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "acquired night blindness", "vitamin A deficiency with night blindness", "abnormal threshold of rods", "hereditary night blindness" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 4 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one night blindness from another, and a night blindness from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a night blindness, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a night blindness, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a night blindness is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a night blindness, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a night blindness, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a night blindness is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a night blindness sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a night blindness, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a night blindness, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a night blindness is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a night blindness from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a night blindness, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a night blindness, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a night blindness is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a night blindness passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a night blindness between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a night blindness, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a night blindness, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a night blindness is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a night blindness, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a night blindness is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a night blindness, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a night blindness, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a night blindness is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What night blindness is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of night blindness are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is night blindness operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of night blindness and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of night blindness?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as night blindness?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a night blindness came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a night blindness and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a night blindness, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a night blindness, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a night blindness is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a night blindness is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a night blindness, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a night blindness, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a night blindness is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }