{ "model": { "rank": 966, "code": "thing-q8078", "model_id": "vr.tr.logic", "name": "logic", "purpose": "Let an agent explain logic by branch, help people construct and evaluate arguments, apply formal methods and find learning resources.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q8078/", "tier": 2, "score": 210, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Buddhist logico-epistemology", "legal logic", "computability theory", "computational complexity theory", "logic in computer science", "branching factor", "analysis of algorithms", "quantum complexity theory", "Competitive analysis", "formal logic", "mathematical logic", "Constructive logic", "logic of decision-making", "combinatory logic", "informal logic", "independence-friendly logic", "logos", "probabilistic logic", "symbolic logic", "media logic", "preferential logic", "free logic", "erotetics", "philosophical logic", "computational logic", "dependence logic", "deviant logic", "pure inductive logic", "logic in China", "logic in Islamic philosophy", "verbal reasoning", "substructural logic", "empirical logic", "imperative logic", "formal ethics", "algebraic logic", "Threshold logic", "non-monotonic logic", "paraconsistent logic", "automated theorem proving" ], "aliasCount": 61, "merged": 63, "knownIn": 210, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.logic", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q8078", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8078", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T15:19:39Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q8078", "registryId": "vr.tr.logic", "name": "logic", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q8078/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.logic", "name": "logic", "purpose": "Let an agent explain logic by branch, help people construct and evaluate arguments, apply formal methods and find learning resources.", "definition": "The systematic study of valid reasoning, inference and argument, including formal logic such as propositional and predicate logic, mathematical logic, computability and complexity theory, informal logic and fallacies, and historical traditions such as Aristotelian, Indian and Buddhist logic; logic underpins mathematics, computer science and law.", "what_it_is_for": "Reasoning, mathematics, computing and argumentation.", "affordances": [ "evaluate an argument for validity and soundness", "explain formal logic systems", "identify fallacies", "apply logic in computing and law" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Studies valid inference", "Formal and informal branches", "Foundational for mathematics", "Many historical traditions" ], "appearance": "Not physical; symbols, proofs, truth tables and arguments.", "visual_identification": [ "Symbols such as connectives and quantifiers", "Proofs and truth tables", "Rhetoric persuades, logic validates" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "propositional and predicate logic", "mathematical logic and set theory", "computability and complexity theory", "informal logic and critical thinking", "non-classical logics such as modal and fuzzy logic" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "scientific study", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "underpins", "target": "mathematics", "why": "field" }, { "relation": "is applied in", "target": "computer programming", "why": "application" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "theorem", "why": "proved statements" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "No specific regulation; standards exist for logical notation" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing validity with truth", "Formalising natural language poorly" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "arguments", "name": "Arguments", "description": "Evaluating reasoning.", "rationale": "Validity and soundness differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "validity", "name": "Validity", "description": "Valid arguments.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-finding", "name": "Validity", "description": "Validity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this argument valid, and are its premises true?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What is its logical form?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "fallacies", "name": "Fallacies", "description": "Errors.", "findings": [ { "id": "fallacies-finding", "name": "Fallacies", "description": "Fallacies.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the argument contain a fallacy, and which one?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How can it be repaired?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "formal", "name": "Formal", "description": "Formal systems.", "rationale": "Systems have rules.", "layers": [ { "id": "systems", "name": "Systems", "description": "Logics.", "findings": [ { "id": "systems-finding", "name": "Systems", "description": "Formal systems.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do propositional and predicate logic differ?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which proof system is used?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "metatheory", "name": "Metatheory", "description": "Completeness and limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "metatheory-finding", "name": "Metatheory", "description": "Metatheory.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do completeness and incompleteness theorems say?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Who proved them?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "computing", "name": "Computing", "description": "Logic in computer science.", "rationale": "Logic runs computers.", "layers": [ { "id": "computability", "name": "Computability", "description": "What can be computed.", "findings": [ { "id": "computability-finding", "name": "Computability", "description": "Computability.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does computability theory say about this problem?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is it decidable?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "complexity", "name": "Complexity", "description": "Complexity classes.", "findings": [ { "id": "complexity-finding", "name": "Complexity", "description": "Complexity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which complexity class does this problem belong to?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What is known about P versus NP?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "traditions", "name": "Traditions", "description": "History and learning.", "rationale": "Logic has many histories.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "Traditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "Historical traditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do Aristotelian, Indian and Buddhist logical traditions differ, according to scholars?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which texts are key?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "learn", "name": "Learn", "description": "Learning logic.", "findings": [ { "id": "learn-finding", "name": "Learn", "description": "Learning.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which resources suit a beginner in logic?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which exercises help?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should branches be separate entries?", "How should textbooks be linked?", "How should historical traditions be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a logic, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain logic by branch, help people construct and evaluate arguments, apply formal methods and find learning resources.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Buddhist logico-epistemology, legal logic, computability theory, computational complexity theory, logic in computer science, branching factor, analysis of algorithms, quantum complexity theory, Competitive analysis, formal logic, mathematical logic, Constructive logic.", "63 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 210 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a logic, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Buddhist logico-epistemology", "legal logic", "computability theory", "computational complexity theory", "logic in computer science", "branching factor", "analysis of algorithms", "quantum complexity theory", "Competitive analysis", "formal logic", "mathematical logic", "Constructive logic" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 210 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 63 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one logic from another, and a logic from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a logic sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a logic from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a logic passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a logic between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a logic, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a logic is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a logic proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a logic, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a logic and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a logic consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a logic takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What logic is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of logic are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is logic operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of logic and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of logic?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as logic?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a logic came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a logic and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a logic is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a logic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a logic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a logic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }