{ "model": { "rank": 1008, "code": "thing-q8091", "model_id": "vr.tr.grammar", "name": "grammar", "purpose": "Let an agent handle grammar by language, component, approach and usage, supporting learners, writers and language technology.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q8091/", "tier": 2, "score": 201, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "normative grammar", "reduced grammar", "head grammar", "historical grammar", "Greenlandic phonology", "cognitive approaches to grammar", "descriptive grammar", "Evenki grammar", "phrase structure grammar", "Egyptian Arabic grammar", "relational grammar", "cognitive grammar", "construction grammar", "Votic grammar", "Welsh grammar", "Ket language grammar", "Pangasinan language grammar", "stylistic fronting", "orthology", "Tlingit grammar", "functional discourse grammar", "Georgian grammar", "Manchu grammar", "Latvian grammar", "island grammar", "Bardic Grammar", "Puyuma grammar", "Kaxabu grammar", "Pazih grammar", "case grammar", "Gujarati grammar", "Sakizaya grammar", "Tsou grammar", "categorial grammar", "Polish grammar", "Sinhala grammar", "Assamese grammar", "Kyrgyz grammar", "comparative grammar", "Inuktitut grammar" ], "aliasCount": 90, "merged": 90, "knownIn": 201, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.grammar", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q8091", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T10:31:22Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q8091", "registryId": "vr.tr.grammar", "name": "grammar", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q8091/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.grammar", "name": "grammar", "purpose": "Let an agent handle grammar by language, component, approach and usage, supporting learners, writers and language technology.", "definition": "The set of structural rules governing the composition of words, phrases and sentences in a language, including morphology and syntax, and the study or description of those rules, whether descriptive or prescriptive.", "what_it_is_for": "Understanding and using language correctly and clearly.", "affordances": [ "explain grammar rules of a language", "distinguish descriptive and prescriptive views", "correct errors with explanations", "find reference grammars" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Rules of structure", "Language-specific", "Descriptive and prescriptive traditions", "Changes over time" ], "appearance": "Not physical; described in grammars, textbooks and style guides.", "visual_identification": [ "Morphology and syntax", "Reference grammars and style guides", "Formal grammars in computing are a related sense" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "descriptive grammar", "prescriptive grammar", "historical grammar", "generative and cognitive approaches", "formal grammars (computing)" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "linguistics and convention", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "syntax and morphology", "why": "parts" }, { "relation": "is described in", "target": "reference grammar", "why": "source" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "inflection and transitivity", "why": "topics" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Language academies in some countries" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Presenting prescriptive preferences as universal rules", "Ignoring dialect variation" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "language", "name": "Language", "description": "Which grammar.", "rationale": "Languages differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "which", "name": "Which", "description": "Language.", "findings": [ { "id": "which-finding", "name": "Which", "description": "Language.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which language and variety is meant?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which reference grammar describes it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "component", "name": "Component", "description": "Area.", "findings": [ { "id": "component-finding", "name": "Component", "description": "Grammar area.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the question about morphology, syntax or usage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which rule applies?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "approach", "name": "Approach", "description": "Descriptive or prescriptive.", "rationale": "Approaches differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "descriptive", "name": "Descriptive", "description": "Usage.", "findings": [ { "id": "descriptive-finding", "name": "Descriptive", "description": "Descriptive view.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do speakers actually use this construction?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Does it vary by dialect?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "prescriptive", "name": "Prescriptive", "description": "Style rules.", "findings": [ { "id": "prescriptive-finding", "name": "Prescriptive", "description": "Prescriptive view.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do style guides or academies recommend?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it a rule or a preference?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Learners.", "rationale": "Clear explanations help.", "layers": [ { "id": "explain", "name": "Explain", "description": "Rules.", "findings": [ { "id": "explain-finding", "name": "Explain", "description": "Explanation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can this rule be explained with examples?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What exceptions exist?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "errors", "name": "Errors", "description": "Correction.", "findings": [ { "id": "errors-finding", "name": "Errors", "description": "Error correction.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this an error or an acceptable variant?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How should it be corrected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "technology", "name": "Technology", "description": "Tools.", "rationale": "Tools check grammar.", "layers": [ { "id": "checkers", "name": "Checkers", "description": "Grammar tools.", "findings": [ { "id": "checkers-finding", "name": "Checkers", "description": "Grammar checkers.", "questions": [ { "text": "How reliable is a grammar checker for this issue?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Should a human review it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "formal", "name": "Formal", "description": "Computing.", "findings": [ { "id": "formal-finding", "name": "Formal", "description": "Formal grammars.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is a formal grammar for parsing meant?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which entry fits?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should grammars per language be separate entries?", "How should reference grammars be linked?", "How should formal grammars be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a grammar, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle grammar by language, component, approach and usage, supporting learners, writers and language technology.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: normative grammar, reduced grammar, head grammar, historical grammar, Greenlandic phonology, cognitive approaches to grammar, descriptive grammar, Evenki grammar, phrase structure grammar, Egyptian Arabic grammar, relational grammar, cognitive grammar.", "90 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 201 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a grammar, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "normative grammar", "reduced grammar", "head grammar", "historical grammar", "Greenlandic phonology", "cognitive approaches to grammar", "descriptive grammar", "Evenki grammar", "phrase structure grammar", "Egyptian Arabic grammar", "relational grammar", "cognitive grammar" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 201 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 90 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one grammar from another, and a grammar from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a grammar sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a grammar from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a grammar passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a grammar between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a grammar, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a grammar is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a grammar says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a grammar contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a grammar and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What grammar studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does grammar take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does grammar establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where grammar is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark grammar as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place grammar, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a grammar came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a grammar and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a grammar is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a grammar, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a grammar, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a grammar is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }