{ "model": { "rank": 3705, "code": "thing-q8154335", "model_id": "vr.tr.alcedinidae", "name": "Alcedinidae", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Alcedinidae as the kingfisher family, interpret records about its members at the correct biological scale, and select evidence-supported observation or conservation actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q8154335/", "tier": 2, "score": 82, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 82, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q8154335", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8154335", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:57:07Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 30.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c5e-0c14-7880-a68e-7c79ebf03574\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Alcedinidae\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.LIV\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 801 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 regi", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 95.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c5e-0bba-7b52-b087-b592695581c5\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Alcedinidae\nRegistry id: vr.tr.alcedinidae\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.LIV\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\n" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q8154335", "registryId": "vr.tr.alcedinidae", "name": "Alcedinidae", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.LIV" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q8154335/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.alcedinidae", "name": "Alcedinidae", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Alcedinidae as the kingfisher family, interpret records about its members at the correct biological scale, and select evidence-supported observation or conservation actions.", "definition": "Alcedinidae is the bird family of kingfishers in the order Coraciiformes, comprising predominantly small to medium-sized predators with relatively large heads, long pointed bills and species adapted to aquatic or terrestrial prey.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the family-level taxon concept Alcedinidae for vr.tr.alcedinidae in PHY / PHY.LIV, its diagnostic boundaries, and the requirements for interpreting linked species, population and individual records without treating their properties as universal family traits.", "in_scope": [ "Family placement, nomenclatural authority, classification version and membership", "Kingfisher identification evidence and variation among constituent lineages", "Member-specific feeding, habitat, nesting and life-stage requirements", "Geographic occurrence interpreted by species, population, season and origin", "Conservation evidence and conditions governing observation or intervention" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete species accounts or independent models for every kingfisher species", "Individual bird identities, clinical histories and captive husbandry plans", "Wetland, forest, river and prey-community models", "Kingfishers represented as commercial products, mascots or cultural symbols", "General avian anatomy and physiology already covered by broader bird models" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The referent must be a family-level taxon encompassing kingfishers, rather than the species Alcedo atthis commonly called 'kingfisher'.", "Membership must follow an identified taxonomic treatment; a bird's common name or fishing behaviour alone cannot establish inclusion.", "Field recognition should combine bill form, head and body proportions, feet, plumage and behaviour with a species-appropriate identification source.", "Fish eating and proximity to water are not necessary membership tests: kingfisher lineages also exploit terrestrial prey, as documented in [Woodall's comparative study](https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04750.x).", "Kookaburras fall within the kingfisher family rather than forming an excluded lookalike group; see [the molecular phylogeny of Alcedinidae](https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/123/2/487/5562636)." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Taxon identity and placement", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Accepted family name; authority and year; parent order; classification source and version", "why_it_matters": "Fixes the meaning of Alcedinidae before records from different classifications are combined." }, { "name": "External taxonomic identifiers", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Verified GBIF taxon key and NCBI Taxonomy ID, each with rank, matched name and retrieval date", "why_it_matters": "Supports reliable cross-dataset matching without confusing family identifiers with species identifiers." }, { "name": "Biological record scale", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Family concept; descendant taxon; population; individual; observation", "why_it_matters": "Prevents an individual's condition or a species assessment from becoming a family-wide assertion." }, { "name": "Identification evidence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Photograph, sound recording, specimen or sequence linked to identification method, determiner and confidence", "why_it_matters": "Makes uncertain kingfisher identifications reviewable." }, { "name": "Body dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass in g; body, wing and bill lengths in mm; measurement protocol, taxon, age and sex", "why_it_matters": "Supports identification and ecological comparisons without inventing one representative family body size." }, { "name": "Foraging profile", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Observed prey groups, aquatic or terrestrial capture setting, perch or aerial search behaviour; unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Prevents management decisions based on the assumption that every kingfisher requires a fish-rich stream." }, { "name": "Nest substrate and occupancy", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Recorded substrate; excavated or reused cavity; inactive, occupied, eggs, nestlings, fledged or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Connects breeding evidence to disturbance-sensitive sites." }, { "name": "Life stage and sex evidence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Egg, nestling, fledgling, immature or adult; sex determination method and confidence", "why_it_matters": "Keeps species-specific ageing and sexual dimorphism rules attached to the records where they apply." }, { "name": "Range and occurrence context", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Member taxon, locality or geometry, date, season, native or introduced status, and wild or captive context", "why_it_matters": "Separates family distribution summaries from evidence of local establishment or breeding." }, { "name": "Conservation assessment", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Assessed taxon or population; assessment system, category, geographic scope, assessment year and source", "why_it_matters": "Prevents assigning one descendant species' IUCN category to Alcedinidae as a whole." } ], "affordances": [ "Resolve a kingfisher name or identifier against a documented family classification.", "Attach an observation to the narrowest defensible member taxon while preserving identification uncertainty.", "Compare member-specific foraging and nesting evidence to proposed habitat changes.", "Separate breeding, non-breeding, transient and captive records before summarising distribution.", "Retrieve the applicable species or population assessment before prioritising conservation work.", "Determine whether an observation or intervention needs specialist identification, local permission or breeding-site precautions." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "family-concept-and-membership", "name": "Family concept and membership", "description": "Establishes which taxonomic concept the registry entry denotes and how its members are linked.", "rationale": "Alcedinidae is a family, so a species-style binomial or undated membership list would misrepresent the registered thing.", "layers": [ { "id": "name-and-placement", "name": "Name and placement", "description": "Records the accepted family name and its position in a named classification.", "findings": [ { "id": "family-rank-anchor", "name": "Family-rank anchor", "description": "The family-level interpretation is supported by [ITIS's Alcedinidae record](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178104); authority and crosswalks require explicit verification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which classification release supplies the accepted family name, nomenclatural authority, year and parent order?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "family-rank-anchor-q01" }, { "text": "Which GBIF and NCBI records match that family concept rather than a descendant taxon?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "family-rank-anchor-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "descendant-concepts", "name": "Descendant concepts", "description": "Tracks membership and disagreements among taxonomic treatments.", "findings": [ { "id": "versioned-kingfisher-membership", "name": "Versioned kingfisher membership", "description": "Subfamilies, genera and species should be linked under a dated treatment, with changes preserved rather than silently overwritten.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which subfamilies and genera are included in the chosen treatment of Alcedinidae?", "kind": "definition", "id": "versioned-kingfisher-membership-q01" }, { "text": "Do imported records use a narrower family circumscription or a different species split, and how are those concepts mapped?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "versioned-kingfisher-membership-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "recognition-and-biological-scale", "name": "Recognition and biological scale", "description": "Connects kingfisher recognition to evidence while keeping taxon and organism records distinct.", "rationale": "Common names, colourful plumage and fishing behaviour are insufficient to identify the family or a member species reliably.", "layers": [ { "id": "identification-evidence", "name": "Identification evidence", "description": "Uses combinations of characters interpreted for the candidate species and locality.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-character-combination", "name": "Diagnostic character combination", "description": "Identification should document the observed character combination and plausible alternatives instead of asserting a universal colour or bill rule.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which bill, body, foot, plumage or vocal characters support a kingfisher identification in this locality?", "kind": "definition", "id": "diagnostic-character-combination-q01" }, { "text": "Which alternative birds were considered, and what photograph, recording, specimen or sequence supports their exclusion?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "diagnostic-character-combination-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "age-sex-and-record-subject", "name": "Age, sex and record subject", "description": "Constrains how observations of particular birds inform taxon-level statements.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualified-organism-observation", "name": "Qualified organism observation", "description": "Ageing, sexing and measurements require member-specific criteria and an explicit subject.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this statement describe the family, one species, a local population or an individual kingfisher?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "qualified-organism-observation-q01" }, { "text": "Which species-specific evidence supports the recorded age and sex, and could immature plumage explain the apparent difference?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "qualified-organism-observation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "foraging-habitat-and-range", "name": "Foraging, habitat and range", "description": "Represents the ecological variation hidden by the common name kingfisher.", "rationale": "Habitat suitability depends on the member taxon's prey and capture setting, not merely the presence of water.", "layers": [ { "id": "prey-and-capture-setting", "name": "Prey and capture setting", "description": "Links feeding observations to prey availability and hunting conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "member-specific-feeding-profile", "name": "Member-specific feeding profile", "description": "Record diet and hunting method for the relevant taxon and season, allowing mixed or uncertain profiles.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which prey groups are documented for this kingfisher taxon, and are they captured in water, on land or in another setting?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "member-specific-feeding-profile-q01" }, { "text": "What observations establish the availability of suitable prey and hunting positions at the site?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "member-specific-feeding-profile-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-seasonal-use", "name": "Range and seasonal use", "description": "Distinguishes mapped distribution from a dated occurrence and from breeding occupancy.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualified-range-evidence", "name": "Qualified range evidence", "description": "A family range summary should retain the member taxa and occurrence categories from which it was derived.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which member species supports this range claim, and is its presence native, introduced, vagrant or captive?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "qualified-range-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What dated evidence distinguishes breeding occupancy from seasonal foraging or a single passing bird?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "qualified-range-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "nesting-and-recruitment", "name": "Nesting and recruitment", "description": "Connects breeding records to nest-site requirements and observed outcomes.", "rationale": "Kingfisher nest-site assessment must accommodate different substrates and distinguish adult presence from successful reproduction.", "layers": [ { "id": "nest-site-requirements", "name": "Nest-site requirements", "description": "Records the actual nesting substrate and occupancy evidence for the member taxon.", "findings": [ { "id": "substrate-specific-nesting", "name": "Substrate-specific nesting", "description": "Reported kingfisher nest settings include earthen banks, tree cavities and termite nests; applicability must be checked by species. [Animal Diversity Web](https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alcedinidae/)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which nesting substrate is documented for this species at this site, and is the cavity excavated or reused?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "substrate-specific-nesting-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence establishes current occupancy without requiring intrusive inspection?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "substrate-specific-nesting-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "breeding-stage-and-outcome", "name": "Breeding stage and outcome", "description": "Separates reproductive stages and outcomes using dated observations.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-based-breeding-state", "name": "Evidence-based breeding state", "description": "Nest construction, eggs, nestlings and fledged young represent different evidence states; disappearance alone does not establish success or failure.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which dated observations establish the current breeding stage and any fledging outcome?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "evidence-based-breeding-state-q01" }, { "text": "How should observation timing and distance change while this kingfisher nest is active?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-based-breeding-state-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "conservation-and-action-conditions", "name": "Conservation and action conditions", "description": "Connects threats and assessments to the correct kingfisher taxon, population and locality.", "rationale": "Family membership cannot supply a single threat category or justify an intervention for every kingfisher.", "layers": [ { "id": "assessment-and-threat-evidence", "name": "Assessment and threat evidence", "description": "Preserves assessment scope and tests locally relevant pressures.", "findings": [ { "id": "scoped-conservation-judgment", "name": "Scoped conservation judgment", "description": "Conservation judgments need a named assessed subject, date and evidence connecting pressures to that subject.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the latest verified IUCN assessment for the relevant member species, including assessment year and taxonomic concept?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "scoped-conservation-judgment-q01" }, { "text": "Which evidence links local changes in prey, nesting substrate, habitat or predators to this population's condition?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "scoped-conservation-judgment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "intervention-selection", "name": "Intervention selection", "description": "Tests proposed actions against the member's ecology, breeding state and local requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "justified-kingfisher-action", "name": "Justified kingfisher action", "description": "An action must address a documented requirement or pressure and specify how its outcome will be assessed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the proposed action address the limiting prey, perch, forest or nest-substrate condition demonstrated for this population?", "kind": "action", "id": "justified-kingfisher-action-q01" }, { "text": "Which local permissions, specialist involvement and breeding-season constraints apply before site work or bird handling?", "kind": "action", "id": "justified-kingfisher-action-q02" }, { "text": "Which observable change in occupancy, breeding outcome or habitat condition would demonstrate benefit?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "justified-kingfisher-action-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This account is recalled knowledge, not source-verified research; family authorship, date and exact database identifiers are omitted.", "Check a specified contemporary bird checklist for family circumscription, subfamily treatment and species counts; some classifications have treated major kingfisher lineages as separate families.", "Native range, life stages, sexual dimorphism and IUCN category with assessment year require species-level treatment." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Alcedinidae this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Alcedininae (river kingfishers)", "Halcyoninae (tree kingfishers, including kookaburras)", "Cerylinae (water kingfishers)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Alcedinidae this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Zoological nomenclature", "value_or_pattern": "Alcedinidae", "note": "A family-group scientific name, not a species binomial." }, { "scheme": "GBIF taxon key", "value_or_pattern": "Numeric taxon identifier", "note": "Identifies a taxon record in the GBIF taxonomic backbone; the exact key is not supplied from recall." }, { "scheme": "NCBI Taxonomy", "value_or_pattern": "Numeric TaxID", "note": "Identifies a taxonomy record used to organize sequence data; the exact identifier is not supplied from recall." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Alcedinidae this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, issued by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, governs family-group names.", "IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, provide the framework for extinction-risk assessments of assessed taxa." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Alcedinidae this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Classification and identification of kingfishers in ornithology and biodiversity records.", "Comparative research on prey capture, bill morphology and adaptation to aquatic and terrestrial habitats.", "Species-level conservation planning and habitat monitoring.", "Birdwatching and environmental education." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Alcedinidae this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Treating all kingfishers as fish specialists overlooks species that mainly take terrestrial prey.", "Assigning one conservation status to the family obscures differences among species and populations.", "Habitat clearance and loss of suitable nesting banks, cavities or forest can threaten particular species.", "Water pollution and changes to aquatic prey availability can affect species dependent on waterways." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Alcedinidae this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The family occurs across tropical and temperate regions, with especially substantial diversity in tropical Asia and Australasia.", "Species occupy habitats ranging from rivers, lakes and coasts to forests and open woodland.", "Some species migrate seasonally, while others are resident; movement patterns must be described at species or population level." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Alcedinidae this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Coraciiformes", "difference": "The order containing Alcedinidae and other bird families; it is a broader taxonomic grouping." }, { "name": "Alcedo atthis", "difference": "The common kingfisher is one species within Alcedinidae, rather than the entire family." }, { "name": "Kookaburras", "difference": "Kookaburras are a subset of kingfishers within Alcedinidae, not a separate equivalent family." }, { "name": "A kingfisher population", "difference": "A population consists of members of one species in a defined area; Alcedinidae encompasses multiple species and their populations." }, { "name": "An individual kingfisher", "difference": "An individual is one organism with its own age, sex and condition; Alcedinidae is a taxonomic family." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Alcedinidae this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which current classification should anchor Alcedinidae, and what family authority, year, subfamily treatment and membership does it accept?", "What are the verified GBIF and NCBI identifiers for that family concept, and do their circumscriptions agree?", "Which diagnostic characters and ageing or sexing criteria are reliable across particular kingfisher lineages, and where are exceptions documented?", "Which member-specific sources establish native range, seasonal movements, terrestrial versus aquatic feeding, and nesting requirements?", "Which current species assessments and local population studies support conservation decisions, and where are assessment or monitoring gaps unresolved?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 29 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Alcedinidae, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise Alcedinidae as the kingfisher family, interpret records about its members at the correct biological scale, and select evidence-supported observation or conservation actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 82 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Alcedinidae, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 82 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Alcedinidae from another, and a Alcedinidae from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Alcedinidae sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Alcedinidae from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Alcedinidae is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Alcedinidae and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Alcedinidae is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Alcedinidae is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Alcedinidae is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Alcedinidae moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Alcedinidae passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Alcedinidae between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Alcedinidae, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Alcedinidae is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Alcedinidae is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Alcedinidae, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Alcedinidae from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Alcedinidae from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Alcedinidae does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Alcedinidae pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Alcedinidae judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Alcedinidae lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Alcedinidae, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Alcedinidae hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Alcedinidae came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Alcedinidae and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Alcedinidae is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Alcedinidae, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Alcedinidae, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Alcedinidae is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }