{ "model": { "rank": 2752, "code": "thing-q81809", "model_id": "vr.tr.atmospheric-pressure", "name": "atmospheric pressure", "purpose": "Let an agent explain atmospheric pressure and its measurement, relay physics, variation and weather significance from meteorological references, describe aviation settings and oscillation patterns, and distinguish atmospheric pressure from other pressures and from altitude.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q81809/", "tier": 2, "score": 97, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "QFE", "Southern Oscillation" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 97, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q81809", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81809", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T07:07:43Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q81809", "registryId": "vr.tr.atmospheric-pressure", "name": "atmospheric pressure", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q81809/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.atmospheric-pressure", "name": "atmospheric pressure", "purpose": "Let an agent explain atmospheric pressure and its measurement, relay physics, variation and weather significance from meteorological references, describe aviation settings and oscillation patterns, and distinguish atmospheric pressure from other pressures and from altitude.", "definition": "The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere at a given point, about 101325 pascals at sea level and decreasing with altitude, measured with barometers and reported in hectopascals, millibars or inches of mercury, used in aviation as QFE for pressure at an aerodrome and QNH for sea-level reduced pressure, and studied in meteorology through patterns such as the Southern Oscillation, the seesaw of pressure across the Pacific linked to El Nino.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a physical quantity.", "affordances": [ "explain the quantity", "relay measurement and variation", "describe weather and aviation use", "distinguish related concepts" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Weight of air column", "Altitude dependence", "Weather driver", "Aviation settings" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; read from a barometer.", "visual_identification": [ "Pressure of the atmosphere", "Sea-level standard 1013.25 hPa, QFE, QNH, Southern Oscillation", "Gauge pressure is relative; ambient pressure includes other fluids; altitude is height" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "standard sea-level pressure", "typical_range": "101325", "unit": "Pa", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "decrease with altitude", "typical_range": "about 12", "unit": "hPa per 100 m", "note": "near sea level" }, { "quantity": "highest recorded", "typical_range": "1084.8", "unit": "hPa", "note": "Tosontsengel 2001" }, { "quantity": "lowest recorded", "typical_range": "870", "unit": "hPa", "note": "Typhoon Tip 1979" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "station and sea-level pressure", "QFE and QNH aviation settings", "high and low pressure systems", "pressure oscillations such as the Southern Oscillation", "partial pressures within the atmosphere" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "physical quantity", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "ambient pressure", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "meteorological concept", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is measured by", "target": "barometer", "why": "in hectopascals" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "WMO observation standards", "ICAO standard atmosphere and altimeter setting procedures", "SI units" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Altimeter setting errors in aviation", "Confusing station and sea-level pressure", "Unit confusion between hPa, mbar and inHg" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What atmospheric pressure is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is atmospheric pressure, and how does it differ from gauge pressure and altitude?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about physics, weather, aviation or climate?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "variation", "name": "Variation", "description": "Variation.", "findings": [ { "id": "variation-finding", "name": "Variation", "description": "Variation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does pressure vary with altitude, temperature and weather systems?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the barometric formula?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measure", "name": "Measure", "description": "Measurement.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "instruments", "name": "Instruments", "description": "Barometers.", "findings": [ { "id": "instruments-finding", "name": "Instruments", "description": "Instruments.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do mercury, aneroid and digital barometers measure pressure?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aviation", "name": "Aviation", "description": "Aviation settings.", "findings": [ { "id": "aviation-finding", "name": "Aviation", "description": "Aviation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are QFE, QNH and standard pressure settings, and how are they used in altimetry?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "weather", "name": "Weather", "description": "Weather and climate.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "systems", "name": "Systems", "description": "Pressure systems.", "findings": [ { "id": "systems-finding", "name": "Systems", "description": "Systems.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do high and low pressure systems shape weather?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits weather forecasting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "oscillation", "name": "Oscillation", "description": "Southern Oscillation.", "findings": [ { "id": "oscillation-finding", "name": "Oscillation", "description": "Oscillation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the Southern Oscillation, and how is it linked to El Nino and La Nina?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits El Nino-Southern Oscillation?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Effects and history.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "effects", "name": "Effects", "description": "Effects.", "findings": [ { "id": "effects-finding", "name": "Effects", "description": "Effects.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does pressure affect boiling points, human physiology at altitude and engineering, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits altitude sickness?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did Torricelli, Pascal and others discover and measure atmospheric pressure?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of meteorology?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should QFE, QNH and the Southern Oscillation be separate primary entries?", "How should meteorological references be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming an aviation setting and a climate pattern; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a atmospheric pressure, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain atmospheric pressure and its measurement, relay physics, variation and weather significance from meteorological references, describe aviation settings and oscillation patterns, and distinguish atmospheric pressure from other pressures and from altitude.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: QFE, Southern Oscillation.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 97 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a atmospheric pressure, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "QFE", "Southern Oscillation" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 97 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one atmospheric pressure from another, and a atmospheric pressure from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a atmospheric pressure, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a atmospheric pressure, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a atmospheric pressure is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a atmospheric pressure, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a atmospheric pressure, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a atmospheric pressure is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a atmospheric pressure sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a atmospheric pressure, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a atmospheric pressure, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a atmospheric pressure is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a atmospheric pressure from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a atmospheric pressure, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a atmospheric pressure, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a atmospheric pressure is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a atmospheric pressure passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a atmospheric pressure between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a atmospheric pressure, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a atmospheric pressure, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a atmospheric pressure is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a atmospheric pressure, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a atmospheric pressure is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a atmospheric pressure, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a atmospheric pressure, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a atmospheric pressure is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What atmospheric pressure is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of atmospheric pressure are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is atmospheric pressure operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of atmospheric pressure and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of atmospheric pressure?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as atmospheric pressure?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a atmospheric pressure came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a atmospheric pressure and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a atmospheric pressure, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a atmospheric pressure, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a atmospheric pressure is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a atmospheric pressure is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a atmospheric pressure, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a atmospheric pressure, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a atmospheric pressure is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }