{ "model": { "rank": 3662, "code": "thing-q82586", "model_id": "vr.tr.lepton", "name": "lepton", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a lepton, distinguish its species and quantum state, evaluate identification evidence, and determine which interaction or decay descriptions apply.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q82586/", "tier": 2, "score": 83, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "charged lepton" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 83, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.lepton", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q82586", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82586", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:49:06Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 23.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c57-1a0d-7f31-925b-0a3edd7e41ef\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: lepton\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 register", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 68.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c57-19fd-7620-8ecf-d9f58336aa77\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: lepton\nRegistry id: vr.tr.lepton\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext fo" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q82586", "registryId": "vr.tr.lepton", "name": "lepton", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q82586/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.lepton", "name": "lepton", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a lepton, distinguish its species and quantum state, evaluate identification evidence, and determine which interaction or decay descriptions apply.", "definition": "A lepton is an elementary spin-1/2 fermion that carries no colour charge and therefore does not participate directly in the strong interaction, with six known flavours and their antiparticles.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the particle-physics sense of lepton in vr.tr.lepton: the family of elementary spin-one-half particles without strong colour charge, including charged leptons, neutrinos, and their antiparticles, while distinguishing family properties from individual particle observations.", "in_scope": [ "The electron, muon, tau, their associated neutrino flavours, and antiparticle distinctions", "Lepton classification through spin, electric charge, colour neutrality, and interaction behaviour", "Species properties distinguished from measured particle states", "Neutrino flavour, mass-state distinctions, and propagation context", "Lepton identification evidence, interaction channels, and decay constraints" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Quark and hadron internal structure", "Composite systems containing leptons, such as atoms and positronium", "Detector engineering, calibration procedures, and facility operation", "Full theories of electroweak interactions or physics beyond the Standard Model", "Macroscopic lepton beams and plasmas as collective systems" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "A lepton is an elementary spin-one-half fermion; half-integer spin alone does not distinguish it from a quark or composite baryon.", "Leptons carry no strong colour charge, whereas quarks do; electric neutrality alone cannot establish lepton identity.", "Charged lepton species have electric charge −1 in units of the elementary charge, with antiparticles carrying +1; neutrinos are electrically neutral.", "Electrons, muons, and taus are different lepton species, rather than different energy states of one species.", "A neutrino flavour identified through a weak interaction must not be treated as a unique neutrino mass eigenstate." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Lepton species or flavour", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "electron; muon; tau; electron neutrino; muon neutrino; tau neutrino; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Determines the relevant identification criteria, interaction channels, and decay expectations." }, { "name": "Particle or antiparticle assignment", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "particle; antiparticle; unresolved; interpretation-dependent for neutral states", "why_it_matters": "Controls charge and weak-interaction assignments without assuming that neutrinos and antineutrinos are fundamentally distinct particles." }, { "name": "Electric charge", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Units of elementary charge e; −1, 0, or +1", "why_it_matters": "Separates charged and neutral leptons and constrains their electromagnetic behaviour." }, { "name": "Intrinsic spin", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Spin quantum number s = 1/2", "why_it_matters": "Establishes fermionic classification while remaining distinct from a measured spin projection." }, { "name": "Rest mass or mass constraint", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "eV/c² or MeV/c², with uncertainty, limit type, and species or mass-eigenstate assignment", "why_it_matters": "Constrains kinematics and prevents a neutrino flavour from being assigned an unsupported single rest mass." }, { "name": "Proper lifetime or stability constraint", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Seconds, or a sourced stability statement or lower bound", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes unstable muons and taus from other lepton cases and supports decay-length reasoning." }, { "name": "Four-momentum", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Energy in eV and momentum in eV/c, with reference frame and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports interaction thresholds, event reconstruction, and relativistic propagation." }, { "name": "Spin-state description", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Polarisation or helicity with frame and preparation context; chirality specified separately where relevant", "why_it_matters": "Supports weak-interaction reasoning without conflating helicity and chirality." }, { "name": "Neutrino state assignment", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Relation to flavour basis, mass basis, mixing assumptions, and production or detection interaction", "why_it_matters": "Makes oscillation and mass claims interpretable." }, { "name": "Identification confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Confirmed; candidate; ambiguous; excluded, with evidence and classification method", "why_it_matters": "Separates an observed signal from a justified lepton identification." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a particle candidate as a charged lepton or neutrino and record unresolved species assignments.", "Check whether an interaction or decay hypothesis is compatible with charge, kinematics, and an explicitly stated theoretical framework.", "Infer charged-lepton propagation or decay behaviour from species, momentum, lifetime, and environmental conditions.", "Interpret neutrino flavour observations using propagation distance, energy, matter conditions, and mixing assumptions.", "Compare competing particle identifications and request evidence that distinguishes leptons from hadronic backgrounds." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "lepton-identity", "name": "Lepton identity", "description": "Establishes which lepton concept or species an assertion concerns.", "rationale": "Lepton family membership must be separated from species identity, antiparticle assignment, and individual observations.", "layers": [ { "id": "family-membership", "name": "Family membership", "description": "Defines the physical boundary between leptons and neighbouring particle families.", "findings": [ { "id": "elementary-colour-neutral-fermion", "name": "Elementary colour-neutral fermion", "description": "Lepton classification combines elementary status, spin one-half, and absence of strong colour charge; none of electric charge, spin, or track appearance alone establishes membership.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence supports classification as an elementary spin-one-half particle without strong colour charge?", "kind": "definition", "id": "elementary-colour-neutral-fermion-q01" }, { "text": "Which quark, hadron, or composite-system interpretation must be excluded?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "elementary-colour-neutral-fermion-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "species-and-conjugation", "name": "Species and conjugation", "description": "Separates lepton species, generations, and particle-antiparticle assignments.", "findings": [ { "id": "species-is-not-energy-state", "name": "Species is not an energy state", "description": "Electron, muon, and tau identities are distinct from their momenta; neutral-lepton assignments additionally require care about flavour and the interpretation of antiparticles.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which charged-lepton species or neutrino flavour is assigned, and by what production or detection evidence?", "kind": "definition", "id": "species-is-not-energy-state-q01" }, { "text": "Does the particle-antiparticle label follow measured charge, a weak-interaction signature, or an explicit neutrino-nature assumption?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "species-is-not-energy-state-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "intrinsic-properties-and-state", "name": "Intrinsic properties and state", "description": "Connects lepton species properties to the kinematic and spin state of a particular particle.", "rationale": "Mass and proper lifetime belong to a different descriptive level from laboratory energy, flight time, and polarisation.", "layers": [ { "id": "mass-and-lifetime", "name": "Mass and lifetime", "description": "Records species properties or justified bounds with their interpretation.", "findings": [ { "id": "property-values-and-limits", "name": "Property values and limits", "description": "Mass and lifetime claims require a specified species or mass state, units, uncertainty, and a distinction between measurements and limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "What mass value or constraint applies, and does it describe a charged-lepton species, a neutrino mass eigenstate, or an effective observable?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "property-values-and-limits-q01" }, { "text": "What source establishes the proper lifetime, stability statement, or lifetime bound, and under which assumptions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "property-values-and-limits-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "kinematics-and-spin", "name": "Kinematics and spin", "description": "Describes the particle state needed to interpret propagation and interactions.", "findings": [ { "id": "frame-qualified-particle-state", "name": "Frame-qualified particle state", "description": "Momentum, energy, and spin-state observations need a reference frame; intrinsic spin, helicity, and chirality are separate concepts.", "questions": [ { "text": "What four-momentum and uncertainty are assigned, and in which reference frame?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "frame-qualified-particle-state-q01" }, { "text": "Is the spin claim about intrinsic spin, polarisation, helicity, or chirality, and how was it established?", "kind": "definition", "id": "frame-qualified-particle-state-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "interactions-and-decays", "name": "Interactions and decays", "description": "Determines which processes can explain a lepton's production, propagation, or disappearance.", "rationale": "Charged leptons and neutrinos produce very different signatures, while unstable lepton decays require explicit kinematic and conservation checks.", "layers": [ { "id": "interaction-channels", "name": "Interaction channels", "description": "Distinguishes electromagnetic and weak processes from strong-interaction particle behaviour.", "findings": [ { "id": "charge-dependent-interaction-signatures", "name": "Charge-dependent interaction signatures", "description": "Charged leptons participate in electromagnetic and weak interactions; neutrino identification relies on weak-interaction products, with relevant secondary particles described separately.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which electromagnetic or weak process predicts the observed signature for this lepton species and energy?", "kind": "definition", "id": "charge-dependent-interaction-signatures-q01" }, { "text": "Which target, material, and energy conditions are required before an interaction probability or energy-loss estimate can be used?", "kind": "action", "id": "charge-dependent-interaction-signatures-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "decay-and-conservation", "name": "Decay and conservation", "description": "Evaluates decay hypotheses and distinguishes decay from other disappearance mechanisms.", "findings": [ { "id": "process-specific-decay-check", "name": "Process-specific decay check", "description": "Muon and tau decay hypotheses require allowed final states and kinematics; capture, annihilation, and detector escape must not automatically be labelled decay.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the proposed final state satisfy energy-momentum and electric-charge conservation, and which additional selection rules are assumed?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "process-specific-decay-check-q01" }, { "text": "What lifetime, branching information, and boost are needed to evaluate this decay hypothesis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "process-specific-decay-check-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "flavour-and-observational-evidence", "name": "Flavour and observational evidence", "description": "Handles neutrino state evolution and the evidence connecting detector signatures to lepton claims.", "rationale": "Neutrino flavour depends on interaction and propagation context, while all observed lepton identities remain dependent on discriminating evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "neutrino-flavour-evolution", "name": "Neutrino flavour evolution", "description": "Distinguishes interaction flavour from propagating mass-state components.", "findings": [ { "id": "flavour-at-production-and-detection", "name": "Flavour at production and detection", "description": "A neutrino flavour assignment is tied to an interaction context; oscillation interpretation connects production and detection through mixing and propagation conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which flavour is prepared or inferred at production, and which flavour-sensitive interaction is observed at detection?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "flavour-at-production-and-detection-q01" }, { "text": "Which energy distribution, baseline, matter profile, and mixing assumptions support the proposed flavour-transition probability?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "flavour-at-production-and-detection-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "identification-and-backgrounds", "name": "Identification and backgrounds", "description": "Separates lepton candidates from accepted identifications and competing explanations.", "findings": [ { "id": "signature-to-species-inference", "name": "Signature-to-species inference", "description": "Track curvature, energy deposition, penetration, decay topology, and interaction products can support lepton identification; missing momentum alone does not uniquely identify a neutrino.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observations distinguish this candidate from charged hadrons, photon conversions, or other relevant backgrounds?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "signature-to-species-inference-q01" }, { "text": "What additional observation or analysis would resolve the remaining species, charge, or neutrino interpretation ambiguity?", "kind": "action", "id": "signature-to-species-inference-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the particle-physics sense; masses and lifetimes are rounded recall values, not precision reference data.", "Neutrino flavour states are mixtures of mass eigenstates, so a single definite rest mass should not be assigned to each flavour.", "Absolute neutrino masses and whether neutrinos are their own antiparticles remain unresolved; antiparticle notation does not settle the latter question." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of lepton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Electron", "Muon", "Tau", "Electron neutrino", "Muon neutrino", "Tau neutrino" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of lepton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Particle Data Group Monte Carlo particle numbering scheme", "value_or_pattern": "11: electron; 12: electron neutrino; 13: muon; 14: muon neutrino; 15: tau; 16: tau neutrino", "note": "Negative codes designate the corresponding antiparticles in this convention." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of lepton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Electron beams are used in electron microscopy, lithography and materials processing.", "Electrons carry electrical current in metals and participate in chemical bonding.", "Cosmic-ray muons are used to image the internal density of large structures through muography.", "Positron annihilation supplies the photon pairs detected in positron emission tomography.", "Neutrino detection probes the Sun, supernovae and neutrino properties." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of lepton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Spin quantum number", "typical_range": "Exactly 1/2 for every lepton", "unit": "dimensionless" }, { "quantity": "Electric charge", "typical_range": "-1 for electron, muon and tau; +1 for their antiparticles; 0 for neutrinos and antineutrinos", "unit": "elementary charge e" }, { "quantity": "Electron rest mass", "typical_range": "Approximately 0.511", "unit": "MeV/c²" }, { "quantity": "Muon rest mass", "typical_range": "Approximately 105.66", "unit": "MeV/c²" }, { "quantity": "Tau rest mass", "typical_range": "Approximately 1777", "unit": "MeV/c²" }, { "quantity": "Free muon mean lifetime at rest", "typical_range": "Approximately 2.20", "unit": "µs" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of lepton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Energetic charged leptons can ionize matter, damaging biological tissue and electronic components; risk depends on energy and exposure.", "Energetic electrons striking matter can generate hazardous bremsstrahlung X-rays.", "Positron annihilation produces penetrating photons that require radiation protection in applications using positron sources." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of lepton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Quark", "difference": "Both are elementary fermions, but quarks carry colour charge and participate directly in the strong interaction." }, { "name": "Hadron", "difference": "A hadron is a composite particle made from quarks and/or antiquarks bound by the strong interaction; a lepton is elementary." }, { "name": "Boson", "difference": "Bosons have integer spin and obey Bose-Einstein statistics; leptons have spin 1/2 and obey Fermi-Dirac statistics." }, { "name": "Neutrino", "difference": "A neutrino is a neutral lepton; lepton also includes the charged electron, muon and tau families." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of lepton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative particle-property references and versions should supply the model's masses, lifetimes, decay information, and experimental limits?", "How should the model represent neutrino mass eigenstates and effective mass observables without assigning one definite mass to a flavour state?", "How should unresolved Dirac-versus-Majorana neutrino nature affect particle-antiparticle labels and lepton-number assertions?", "Which detector-specific evidence thresholds justify promoting an electron, muon, tau, or neutrino candidate to an accepted identification?", "Does an existing Vercy particle-family or world model already own this concept, and which species-level models should this entry reference?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 15, "questions": 23 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a lepton, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a lepton, distinguish its species and quantum state, evaluate identification evidence, and determine which interaction or decay descriptions apply.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: charged lepton.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 83 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a lepton, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "charged lepton" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 83 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one lepton from another, and a lepton from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a lepton sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a lepton from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a lepton is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a lepton is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a lepton is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a lepton is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a lepton is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a lepton is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a lepton passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a lepton between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a lepton, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a lepton is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What lepton is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does lepton perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise lepton, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How lepton is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does lepton have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does lepton need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about lepton is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about lepton hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern lepton, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a lepton came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a lepton and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a lepton is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a lepton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a lepton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a lepton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }