{ "model": { "rank": 11691, "code": "thing-q837718", "model_id": "vr.tr.energy-storage", "name": "energy storage", "purpose": "Let an agent explain energy storage and its technologies, relay principles, performance measures and roles in energy systems from engineering and policy sources, describe the technologies the registry aliases name, and distinguish energy storage from energy generation, energy efficiency and fuel reserves.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q837718/", "tier": 2, "score": 41, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "solar thermal fuel", "phase-change material", "charge/discharge optimization", "charging", "compressed carbon dioxide energy storage", "solar energy accumulation", "natural gas storage", "gravity battery", "grid energy storage", "power-to-X", "thermal energy storage", "energy storage facility", "Smart charging", "Group of storage facilities", "Cavern Underground Gas Storage", "hydraulic accumulator", "thermal battery", "seasonal thermal energy storage", "Steam accumulator", "sand battery" ], "aliasCount": 20, "merged": 20, "knownIn": 41, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q837718", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T15:04:03Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q837718", "registryId": "vr.tr.energy-storage", "name": "energy storage", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q837718/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.energy-storage", "name": "energy storage", "purpose": "Let an agent explain energy storage and its technologies, relay principles, performance measures and roles in energy systems from engineering and policy sources, describe the technologies the registry aliases name, and distinguish energy storage from energy generation, energy efficiency and fuel reserves.", "definition": "The capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time, by means such as batteries, pumped hydro, compressed air and compressed carbon dioxide storage, flywheels, thermal storage with phase-change materials, solar thermal fuels that store sunlight chemically, hydrogen and other fuels; energy storage involves charging, discharging and optimisation of the cycle and is central to integrating variable renewable energy into power systems.", "what_it_is_for": "Storing energy for later use.", "affordances": [ "explain the concept", "relay technologies and measures", "describe grid roles", "distinguish related concepts" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Time shifting", "Many technologies", "Charge and discharge cycle", "Grid integration" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; batteries, reservoirs, tanks and flywheels.", "visual_identification": [ "Capture of energy for later use", "Battery storage, pumped hydro, compressed CO2 storage, phase-change materials, solar thermal fuels, charging and discharge optimisation", "Generation produces energy; efficiency reduces need; fuel reserves are stockpiles" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "pumped hydro share of grid storage", "typical_range": "about 90", "unit": "percent", "note": "by capacity, 2020s" }, { "quantity": "lithium-ion round-trip efficiency", "typical_range": "about 85-95", "unit": "percent", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "global battery storage capacity", "typical_range": "tens of GW", "unit": "note", "note": "growing rapidly" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "electrochemical storage such as batteries", "mechanical storage such as pumped hydro, compressed air, compressed CO2 and flywheels", "thermal storage including phase-change materials and solar energy accumulation", "chemical storage such as hydrogen and solar thermal fuels", "electrical storage such as capacitors", "charge and discharge optimisation as operation" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "storage", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "physical process", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is exemplified by", "target": "pumped-storage hydroelectricity", "why": "the largest form" }, { "relation": "supports", "target": "renewable energy", "why": "integration" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Grid codes and market rules for storage", "Battery safety standards such as IEC 62619 and UL 9540", "Building codes for thermal storage" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Battery fires", "Confusing storage with generation", "Registry aliases mixing technologies and operations" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What energy storage is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is energy storage, and how does it differ from generation, efficiency and fuel reserves?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about the concept, a technology, grid roles or policy?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "technologies", "name": "Technologies", "description": "Technologies.", "findings": [ { "id": "technologies-finding", "name": "Technologies", "description": "Technologies.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are batteries, pumped hydro, compressed air and CO2 storage, flywheels, phase-change materials and solar thermal fuels?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific technology?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "engineering", "name": "Engineering", "description": "Engineering.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "measures", "name": "Measures", "description": "Performance measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "measures-finding", "name": "Measures", "description": "Measures.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are capacity, power, efficiency, duration and cycle life?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation", "name": "Operation", "description": "Operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "operation-finding", "name": "Operation", "description": "Operation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are charging and discharging optimised for cost and grid services?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "systems", "name": "Systems", "description": "Energy systems.", "rationale": "Application.", "layers": [ { "id": "grid", "name": "Grid", "description": "Grid.", "findings": [ { "id": "grid-finding", "name": "Grid", "description": "Grid.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does storage support renewable integration and grid stability?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits grid energy storage?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "policy", "name": "Policy", "description": "Policy.", "findings": [ { "id": "policy-finding", "name": "Policy", "description": "Policy.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do markets and regulation treat storage, with debates attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits energy policy?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Frontiers and history.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "frontiers", "name": "Frontiers", "description": "Frontiers.", "findings": [ { "id": "frontiers-finding", "name": "Frontiers", "description": "Frontiers.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are long-duration storage, solar thermal fuels and compressed CO2 systems?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits long-duration energy storage?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did energy storage develop from early batteries and pumped hydro?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of the battery?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should battery storage and thermal storage be separate primary entries?", "How should engineering and policy sources be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming technologies and operational tasks; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a energy storage, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain energy storage and its technologies, relay principles, performance measures and roles in energy systems from engineering and policy sources, describe the technologies the registry aliases name, and distinguish energy storage from energy generation, energy efficiency and fuel reserves.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: solar thermal fuel, phase-change material, charge/discharge optimization, charging, compressed carbon dioxide energy storage, solar energy accumulation, natural gas storage, gravity battery, grid energy storage, power-to-X, thermal energy storage, energy storage facility.", "20 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 41 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a energy storage, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "solar thermal fuel", "phase-change material", "charge/discharge optimization", "charging", "compressed carbon dioxide energy storage", "solar energy accumulation", "natural gas storage", "gravity battery", "grid energy storage", "power-to-X", "thermal energy storage", "energy storage facility" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 41 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 20 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one energy storage from another, and a energy storage from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a energy storage sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a energy storage from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a energy storage passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a energy storage between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a energy storage, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a energy storage is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a energy storage proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a energy storage, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a energy storage and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a energy storage consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a energy storage takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What energy storage is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of energy storage are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is energy storage operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of energy storage and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of energy storage?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as energy storage?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a energy storage came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a energy storage and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a energy storage is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a energy storage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a energy storage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a energy storage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }