{ "model": { "rank": 6460, "code": "thing-q838296", "model_id": "vr.tr.international-auxiliary-language", "name": "international auxiliary language", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an international auxiliary language, assess its readiness for communication across language communities, and choose appropriate learning, translation or deployment actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q838296/", "tier": 2, "score": 60, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "euroclone" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 60, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q838296", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838296", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:42:07Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.03791226, "turns": 3, "seconds": 154.9, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 84.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c4f-6405-7c32-b1e7-8e4c4ffaf1aa\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: international auxiliary language\nRegistry id: vr.tr.international-auxiliary-language\nPlane / domain: INF / INF.MED\nRegistry definition: (none recorde" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q838296", "registryId": "vr.tr.international-auxiliary-language", "name": "international auxiliary language", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q838296/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.international-auxiliary-language", "name": "international auxiliary language", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an international auxiliary language, assess its readiness for communication across language communities, and choose appropriate learning, translation or deployment actions.", "definition": "An international auxiliary language is a language - usually constructed, occasionally a standardized natural language - intended as a shared second language for people who do not share a first language, explicitly additional to mother tongues rather than a replacement for them.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the language as a proposed or functioning additional medium for international communication, including its intended role, linguistic design, norms, learnability, use and development.", "in_scope": [ "Intended international users, communication settings and relationship to their existing languages", "Vocabulary, grammar, meaning and spoken, written or signed realisation", "Language varieties, authoritative references and treatment of disputed forms", "Learning requirements and evidence of communicative accessibility", "Actual cross-language use, expressive coverage and supporting resources", "Decisions that change the language and compatibility between versions" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Internal governance and finances of organisations promoting the language", "Individual learner profiles, qualifications and learning histories", "The full cultural and political histories of participating language communities", "Implementation details of dictionaries, courses, translators and other software products", "General international language policy beyond its requirements for this language", "Message content and the substantive activities conducted through the language" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An explicit intended role is communication across different language communities; being constructed, regular or easy to learn is insufficient by itself.", "The intended role supplements users' existing languages; any proposal to replace those languages must be recorded as a boundary issue.", "It supplies or proposes vocabulary and combinable linguistic rules for forming messages, rather than merely encoding messages already expressed in another language.", "Its intended reach crosses national or language-community boundaries, rather than serving only one fictional setting, local group or specialised notation.", "An agent can distinguish deliberate proposal or adoption for an auxiliary role from incidental lingua-franca use, while recording whether this registry entry includes both." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Auxiliary role", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Proposed supplementary role; institutionally adopted supplementary role; emergent bridge use; mixed; unclear", "why_it_matters": "Separates intended function from observed use and exposes uncertainty about registry membership." }, { "name": "Intended communication reach", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Worldwide; specified multinational region; specified language communities; specified international sector; unspecified", "why_it_matters": "Defines the population and settings against which accessibility and usefulness should be assessed." }, { "name": "Linguistic basis", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Constructed from existing languages; independently designed; mixed construction; selected existing language or variety; uncertain", "why_it_matters": "Identifies likely transfer advantages and the evidence needed to assess claimed neutrality." }, { "name": "Supported modalities", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Written; spoken; signed; combinations, with normative status for each", "why_it_matters": "Determines which communication and accessibility requirements the language can meet." }, { "name": "Normative reference", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Identified grammar, lexicon or other reference, with edition, authority and disputed status", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to evaluate forms against an explicit norm rather than silently choosing one." }, { "name": "Norm stability", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Provisional; stable reference; evolving compatible extensions; competing norms; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Affects whether learning materials, translations and new terminology remain mutually usable." }, { "name": "Learning effort to a defined task", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Study hours to a stated performance threshold, qualified by learner background, method and assessment", "why_it_matters": "Makes learnability assessable without treating regularity or promotional claims as evidence." }, { "name": "Demonstrated communicative reach", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Observed participating language-background groups and successful exchanges within a stated setting and period", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes an international aspiration from demonstrated communication across language communities." }, { "name": "Task coverage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Demonstrated; feasible with paraphrase; requires terminology development; unsupported; unassessed, per task", "why_it_matters": "Supports decisions about where the language can be used reliably." } ], "affordances": [ "Assess whether a candidate language fits the registered auxiliary-language concept and record unresolved boundary cases.", "Select a language variety and reference edition for learning, authoring or translation.", "Assess suitability for a particular international audience, modality and communication task.", "Identify missing terminology, learning materials or communication support before use.", "Check language output against declared norms and flag ambiguity, variation or uncertain usage.", "Propose terminology or language changes through the applicable process and assess compatibility consequences." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "wp-ial", "title": "International auxiliary language", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_language", "what_it_supports": "Definition of IAL versus lingua franca; history from Volapük through Esperanto, Ido, Interlingue, Novial and Interlingua; Janton a priori/a posteriori and schematic/naturalistic classification; zonal auxiliaries; writing-system practice; UNESCO/Baháʼí adoption routes.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wp-esperanto", "title": "Esperanto", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto", "what_it_supports": "Speaker-count ranges (L1 and L2), ISO 639 and Glottolog identifiers, Akademio de Esperanto, UNESCO Montevideo Resolution 1954, and Esperanto as the only IAL with a sizable native-speaker population.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wp-conlang-list", "title": "List of constructed languages", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages", "what_it_supports": "Which projects the field treats as IALs, their ISO codes, publication dates, and relative speaker or Wikipedia-edition size.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wp-interlingua", "title": "Interlingua", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua", "what_it_supports": "IALA's 1924-1951 programme, naturalistic design against Romance and English control languages, and the small living Interlingua community.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "international-auxiliary-role", "name": "International auxiliary role", "description": "The supplementary communication role that makes the language a candidate for this registry entry.", "rationale": "A language's design alone cannot establish that it is intended or used as an international auxiliary medium.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-bridge-function", "name": "Intended bridge function", "description": "Who is expected to communicate through the language and why an additional language is proposed.", "findings": [ { "id": "audience-and-purpose", "name": "Audience and purpose", "description": "Record the stated language communities, international reach and communication purposes without equating ambition with adoption.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which language communities and communication settings is this language intended to connect?", "kind": "definition", "id": "audience-and-purpose-q01" }, { "text": "Which identifiable proposal, policy or community statement establishes that intended role?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "audience-and-purpose-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "relationship-to-existing-languages", "name": "Relationship to existing languages", "description": "How the auxiliary role relates to users' other languages and neighbouring language categories.", "findings": [ { "id": "supplementary-role-boundary", "name": "Supplementary role boundary", "description": "Record whether the language supplements existing languages and whether its bridge role is deliberate, emergent or contested.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the language intended as an additional means of communication, or does its programme include replacing existing languages?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "supplementary-role-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Does its inclusion depend on deliberate auxiliary-language planning, or only on observed lingua-franca use?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "supplementary-role-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "linguistic-design-and-expression", "name": "Linguistic design and expression", "description": "The resources and rules through which users construct and interpret messages.", "rationale": "An agent must know how the language expresses meaning and where its design creates practical limits.", "layers": [ { "id": "lexicon-and-grammar", "name": "Lexicon and grammar", "description": "Vocabulary formation, grammatical composition and the linguistic material underlying them.", "findings": [ { "id": "productive-expression-rules", "name": "Productive expression rules", "description": "Record the core lexical and grammatical mechanisms, their sources and their exceptions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which rules govern word formation, grammatical relationships and sentence construction, and where are exceptions documented?", "kind": "definition", "id": "productive-expression-rules-q01" }, { "text": "Which existing languages or explicit design principles supplied the vocabulary and grammar?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "productive-expression-rules-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "modalities-and-meaning", "name": "Modalities and meaning", "description": "How messages are realised and how users resolve interpretation across linguistic backgrounds.", "findings": [ { "id": "realisation-and-interpretation", "name": "Realisation and interpretation", "description": "Record supported scripts, pronunciation or signing conventions, and mechanisms for managing ambiguous meaning.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which written, spoken or signed forms are specified, and how do recognised variants correspond?", "kind": "definition", "id": "realisation-and-interpretation-q01" }, { "text": "How can a user clarify ambiguity or express a distinction for which no established term is available?", "kind": "action", "id": "realisation-and-interpretation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "norms-and-language-change", "name": "Norms and language change", "description": "The references and practices that determine accepted forms and coordinate language development.", "rationale": "Shared communication depends on knowing which norms apply and whether changes preserve mutual understanding.", "layers": [ { "id": "reference-authority-and-variation", "name": "Reference authority and variation", "description": "The status of grammars, dictionaries, usage conventions and competing varieties.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-language-norm", "name": "Applicable language norm", "description": "Identify the reference an agent should follow and distinguish prescribed forms from observed usage.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which references or community practices establish the norm for the intended users, and what supports their authority?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-language-norm-q01" }, { "text": "Which differences are accepted variants, disputed usages or separate language projects?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "applicable-language-norm-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "terminology-and-reform", "name": "Terminology and reform", "description": "How additions and revisions enter use and affect compatibility.", "findings": [ { "id": "change-path-and-compatibility", "name": "Change path and compatibility", "description": "Record how new terms or reforms are proposed, accepted and communicated to users.", "questions": [ { "text": "What process should an agent follow to propose a new term or grammatical change, and who can recognise its acceptance?", "kind": "action", "id": "change-path-and-compatibility-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence shows whether users of earlier references can understand messages using the change?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "change-path-and-compatibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning-and-cross-language-access", "name": "Learning and cross-language access", "description": "The effort and prerequisites for people with different language backgrounds to communicate through the language.", "rationale": "Claims of simplicity or neutrality must be assessed against particular learners and communication tasks.", "layers": [ { "id": "learning-path-and-performance", "name": "Learning path and performance", "description": "Available routes to learning and evidence of resulting communicative ability.", "findings": [ { "id": "task-based-learnability", "name": "Task-based learnability", "description": "Record learning resources and measured effort against explicit performance criteria.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which learning materials support the selected norm and are usable from the intended learners' languages?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "task-based-learnability-q01" }, { "text": "What study effort has been observed to produce which communication outcomes, for learners with which prior knowledge?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "task-based-learnability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "unequal-learning-burdens", "name": "Unequal learning burdens", "description": "Differences in access caused by linguistic background, literacy and modality requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "background-dependent-accessibility", "name": "Background-dependent accessibility", "description": "Record evidenced advantages and obstacles without inferring universal ease from design features.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do vocabulary familiarity, grammatical transfer, script and pronunciation demands affect different learner groups?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "background-dependent-accessibility-q01" }, { "text": "Which adaptations or alternative modalities are needed for the intended participants to learn and communicate?", "kind": "action", "id": "background-dependent-accessibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "communicative-use-and-readiness", "name": "Communicative use and readiness", "description": "Evidence that the language supports actual international exchanges and the proposed task.", "rationale": "An agent needs to distinguish a documented proposal, an active language and a language ready for a particular use.", "layers": [ { "id": "cross-community-use", "name": "Cross-community use", "description": "Observed communication between participants with different language backgrounds.", "findings": [ { "id": "demonstrated-bridge-use", "name": "Demonstrated bridge use", "description": "Record dated evidence of exchanges, their participants and outcomes, separately from membership or interest figures.", "questions": [ { "text": "What dated evidence demonstrates actual exchanges across language backgrounds, and in which settings?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "demonstrated-bridge-use-q01" }, { "text": "How frequent and successful are those exchanges, and how were participation and success measured?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "demonstrated-bridge-use-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "task-and-resource-fit", "name": "Task and resource fit", "description": "The expressive and practical support available for a proposed communication activity.", "findings": [ { "id": "deployment-readiness", "name": "Deployment readiness", "description": "Record whether terminology, interlocutors, references and tools are sufficient for the task and selected language norm.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can intended users complete the proposed task with available terminology, paraphrase strategies and communication resources?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "deployment-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "What preparation, human review or fallback language is needed before using it for this task?", "kind": "action", "id": "deployment-readiness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "schematic a posteriori constructed IAL (Esperanto, Ido, Volapük)", "naturalistic a posteriori constructed IAL (Interlingua, Interlingue/Occidental, Latino sine flexione, Lingua Franca Nova)", "a priori / philosophical constructed IAL (Solresol, Kotava)", "zonal auxiliary language for a related-language family (Interslavic, pan-Romance, pan-Germanic, Afrihili)", "Esperantido or reform offshoot of an existing IAL (Ido, Novial, other Esperanto reforms)", "controlled or simplified natural language used as an IAL (Basic English, Special English)", "signed international auxiliary (International Sign / Gestuno)", "selected natural language proposed as a world auxiliary (International English, revived Latin)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of international auxiliary language this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q15000", "note": "Item for the language type 'international auxiliary language', not for any single language." }, { "scheme": "ISO 639-2 / ISO 639-5", "value_or_pattern": "art", "note": "Collective code 'Artificial languages'; covers constructed languages including IALs, also artlangs and engelangs." }, { "scheme": "ISO 639-1 / 639-3", "value_or_pattern": "eo/epo, io/ido, ia/ina, ie/ile, vo/vol, nov, lfn, avk, isv", "note": "Individual living or historically coded IALs; most proposed IALs have no ISO code." }, { "scheme": "Glottolog", "value_or_pattern": "espe1235 (Esperanto); others assigned per language", "note": "No single Glottolog code for the IAL type; codes exist for named languages." }, { "scheme": "IETF BCP 47", "value_or_pattern": "registered subtags (eo, io, ia, …) or art-x-", "note": "Language tags for content and software localisation of a given IAL." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of international auxiliary language this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "UNESCO General Conference, Montevideo, 1954 (commonly cited as Resolution IV.1.4.422-4224): recommended that Member States encourage teaching of Esperanto as an international auxiliary language; Esperanto is still not a UN official language.", "ISO 639 series (ISO/TC 37): assigns language identifiers used in libraries, software and Wikipedia; does not standardise IAL grammar or vocabulary.", "Fundamento de Esperanto (1905) and the Declaration of Boulogne, maintained by the Akademio de Esperanto: the binding base for Esperanto specifically.", "Interlingua grammar and Interlingua-English Dictionary (1951), issued by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA): the reference description of Interlingua.", "Baháʼí writings (Tablets of Ishráqát and Maqṣúd): require the world to choose or invent an auxiliary language to be taught in schools, without naming which language." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of international auxiliary language this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Spoken and written as a hobbyist and movement language, above all Esperanto: annual World Esperanto Congress, the Pasporta Servo hospitality network, original literature, and daily news published in China.", "Wikipedia and other Wikimedia editions in Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, Volapük, Interlingue, Lingua Franca Nova, Novial, Kotava and Interslavic.", "Interlingua used for scientific registration of international vocabulary and for texts meant to be read at sight by Romance-language and educated English speakers.", "International Sign used as a contact auxiliary at World Federation of the Deaf congresses, some EU and UN meetings, Deaflympics and related events.", "Optional school or club teaching (historically and still in parts of Europe, China, Brazil); never a compulsory world-school subject.", "Online communities (AUXLANG list since 1997, chats, web radio) that keep small IALs alive after postal-era clubs shrank." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of international auxiliary language this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Esperanto L2 speaker estimates", "typical_range": "30000-2000000", "unit": "persons" }, { "quantity": "Esperanto native (denaskulo) speakers", "typical_range": "1000-2000", "unit": "persons" }, { "quantity": "Ido or Interlingua active speakers", "typical_range": "100-5000", "unit": "persons" }, { "quantity": "Claimed study time to functional Esperanto versus a typical European L2", "typical_range": "one-third to one-fifth of the time", "unit": "relative hours" }, { "quantity": "IAL projects already surveyed by 1903 (Couturat and Leau)", "typical_range": "38", "unit": "language projects" }, { "quantity": "Esperanto Wikipedia articles (order of magnitude, 2020s)", "typical_range": "350000-500000", "unit": "articles" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of international auxiliary language this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Community schism: Volapük collapsed after academy-author conflict; the 1907 Ido split drew speakers from Esperanto and then itself stagnated.", "Failure of official adoption: League of Nations (1922) and the UN never made any IAL an official working language; English occupies the practical slot.", "Eurocentrism: Romance- and Latin-based IALs (so-called euroclones) privilege European learners and are rejected as non-neutral outside that zone.", "Network-effect failure: speaker density is too low for daily use except at congresses, clubs and online niches.", "Design trade-off: schematic languages are easier to produce but less immediately readable; naturalistic languages are easier to recognise but harder to coin new forms in speech.", "Political persecution of speakers (Soviet Union under Stalin; Nazi Germany; Franco Spain; Salazar Portugal; several Eastern European states in the late 1940s-1950s).", "Orthographic friction (Esperanto supersigned letters) blocking typewriters, early computing and some institutional uptake." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of international auxiliary language this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English-language practice splits 'IAL' (interlinguistics, policy) from 'auxlang' (conlang mailing lists); German uses Welthilfssprache or Plansprache; French langue auxiliaire internationale; Esperanto internacia helplingvo.", "Occidental was officially renamed Interlingue in 1949; Peano's Interlingua (Latino sine flexione) and IALA Interlingua (1951) share a name and are routinely confused.", "Esperanto institutional density is relatively high in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Brazil and China (including state news in Esperanto); Interslavic is used among Slavic speakers rather than globally.", "In much of the world English already functions as the de facto international bridge language, so constructed-IAL advocacy is a minority counter-programme rather than everyday practice." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of international auxiliary language this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "lingua franca (vehicular / trade language)", "difference": "A lingua franca is a language that already works as a bridge because of political, commercial or demographic dominance; an IAL is designed or selected to be a politically unowned extra language. Test: did it spread as a dominant or contact language, or was it published/chosen as a neutral second language?" }, { "name": "constructed language (conlang) in general", "difference": "Artlangs (Quenya, Klingon) and engelangs (Lojban) are constructed but not auxiliary. Test: is the primary design goal human-to-human international communication?" }, { "name": "zonal auxiliary language", "difference": "Zonal projects target one language family (Slavic, Germanic, Romance), not the whole world. Test: is the intended user set global or a related-language zone?" }, { "name": "universal / philosophical language", "difference": "17th-18th century philosophical languages aimed to map thought or replace vernaculars; an IAL is explicitly additional. Test: does the project claim to replace mother tongues?" }, { "name": "pidgin or creole", "difference": "Pidgins arise unplanned from contact; most IALs are deliberately designed and published. Test: was there an author, academy or grammar book before a speech community?" }, { "name": "International Sign", "difference": "Often labelled an IAL for deaf international meetings, but linguists usually treat it as a variable contact pidgin, not a fully standardised language. Test: is it a stable learned system with a grammar book, or an on-the-spot contact variety?" }, { "name": "controlled natural language for machines or specifications", "difference": "CNLs (and some uses of Basic/Special English) constrain a natural language for processability or unambiguous drafting. Test: is the primary addressee a human of another mother tongue, or a machine/specification reader?" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of international auxiliary language this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does this registry entry include existing natural languages deliberately selected for an auxiliary role, or only languages designed for that purpose?", "Does international reach include regional auxiliary languages aimed at related language communities, and where is that boundary drawn?", "What evidence threshold should distinguish a language proposal from a usable language and from a sustained international communication practice?", "Which comparable assessments can support claims about learning effort, accessibility or neutrality across substantially different language backgrounds?", "When do reforms or competing norms become separate registered things rather than versions or varieties of the same language?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "language", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a international auxiliary language, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an international auxiliary language, assess its readiness for communication across language communities, and choose appropriate learning, translation or deployment actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: euroclone.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a international auxiliary language, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised from text or speech by script, vocabulary and grammar - and script is the weakest of the three, since several languages share one." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "euroclone" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one international auxiliary language from another, and a international auxiliary language from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a international auxiliary language sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a international auxiliary language from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a international auxiliary language passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a international auxiliary language between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a international auxiliary language, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a international auxiliary language is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a international auxiliary language says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a international auxiliary language contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a international auxiliary language and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "speakers-and-standing", "name": "Speakers, communities and standing", "description": "Who speaks international auxiliary language, how many, and what status it holds where they live.", "rationale": "Speaker numbers move, and legal standing changes without the language changing. Both are claims with a date and a source, never properties.", "layers": [ { "id": "speaker-populations", "name": "Speaker populations", "description": "Counts by kind of speaker, each with the year and the method behind it.", "findings": [ { "id": "population-estimates", "name": "Population estimates and their basis", "description": "First-language and second-language counts, who produced them and how.", "questions": [ { "id": "population-estimates-q01", "text": "How many first-language and second-language speakers of international auxiliary language are claimed, for which year, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "population-estimates-q02", "text": "What method produced that estimate - census, survey, projection - and what does it systematically miss?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "official-standing", "name": "Official standing and policy", "description": "Where international auxiliary language is official, taught, or barred, and under which instrument.", "findings": [ { "id": "legal-status", "name": "Legal status by jurisdiction", "description": "The status held in each place, with the law or treaty that grants it.", "questions": [ { "id": "legal-status-q01", "text": "In which jurisdictions does international auxiliary language hold official, regional or minority status, and under what instrument?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "legal-status-q02", "text": "What follows practically from that status - schooling, courts, signage - and what does not?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "varieties-and-writing", "name": "Varieties, registers and writing", "description": "The forms international auxiliary language takes, and the scripts and spellings used to write it.", "rationale": "A language is not its script and a standard is not the whole language. A model that conflates them cannot say which variety a text is in.", "layers": [ { "id": "varieties-and-continuum", "name": "Varieties and the continuum", "description": "Dialects, standards and the cuts drawn through a continuum that has none of its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "variety-inventory", "name": "Varieties and who separated them", "description": "Named varieties, their relation to the standard, and the authority behind each split.", "questions": [ { "id": "variety-inventory-q01", "text": "Which varieties of international auxiliary language are distinguished in practice, and who drew each boundary?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "variety-inventory-q02", "text": "Which neighbouring lect is treated as the same language by one authority and a different one by another?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "script-and-orthography", "name": "Script and orthography", "description": "Writing systems in use, competing spellings, and reform history.", "findings": [ { "id": "writing-systems", "name": "Writing systems and orthographies", "description": "Scripts international auxiliary language is written in and which spelling convention applies where.", "questions": [ { "id": "writing-systems-q01", "text": "Which scripts and orthographies are in use for international auxiliary language, and where does each apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "writing-systems-q02", "text": "What identifies the orthography of a given text, and what should an agent do when it cannot tell?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "codes-and-alignment", "name": "Codes and external alignment", "description": "The identifiers that name international auxiliary language across systems.", "rationale": "Language codes are how every other system will refer to this, and they disagree with each other in known ways.", "layers": [ { "id": "identifier-schemes", "name": "Identifier schemes", "description": "ISO 639 parts, Glottolog, and the granularity each assumes.", "findings": [ { "id": "codes-and-granularity", "name": "Codes and the granularity they encode", "description": "Which code refers to this language and which refers to a group containing it.", "questions": [ { "id": "codes-and-granularity-q01", "text": "Which ISO 639-1, 639-2 and 639-3 codes apply to international auxiliary language, and do they refer to the same extent?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "codes-and-granularity-q02", "text": "Where do the schemes disagree about whether this is one language or several?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a international auxiliary language came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a international auxiliary language and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a international auxiliary language is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a international auxiliary language, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a international auxiliary language, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a international auxiliary language is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 7, "layers": 13, "findings": 15, "questions": 40 } } } }