{ "model": { "rank": 10390, "code": "thing-q841267", "model_id": "vr.tr.tomography", "name": "tomography", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the principle of tomography and the mathematics of reconstruction, identify the many modalities and their uses, relay safety and standards for medical and industrial imaging, and route clinical questions to professionals.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q841267/", "tier": 2, "score": 45, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "photoemission orbital tomography", "acoustic tomography", "electrical impedance tomography", "Fluorescence tomography", "industrial computed tomography scanning", "muon tomography", "magnetic particle imaging", "electrical capacitance tomography", "electrical capacitance volume tomography", "Doppler optical coherence tomography", "electrical resistivity tomography", "electron tomography", "emission computed tomography", "computerized axial tomography", "optical projection tomography", "process tomography", "optical tomography" ], "aliasCount": 17, "merged": 17, "knownIn": 45, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q841267", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T21:47:58Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q841267", "registryId": "vr.tr.tomography", "name": "tomography", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q841267/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.tomography", "name": "tomography", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the principle of tomography and the mathematics of reconstruction, identify the many modalities and their uses, relay safety and standards for medical and industrial imaging, and route clinical questions to professionals.", "definition": "Imaging by sections, reconstructing the interior of an object from measurements taken from many directions, using penetrating waves or fields such as X-rays, gamma rays, radio waves, electrons, sound, electrical currents, light or cosmic-ray muons; the family includes medical computed tomography and PET, industrial CT, seismic and ocean acoustic tomography, electrical impedance tomography and muon tomography.", "what_it_is_for": "Seeing inside objects without cutting them.", "affordances": [ "explain the principle and reconstruction", "identify modalities and uses", "relay safety and standards", "route clinical questions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Sectional reconstruction", "Projection measurements from many angles", "Wide range of physical probes", "Medical, industrial and scientific uses" ], "appearance": "Not a single object; scanners and sensor arrays producing cross-sectional images.", "visual_identification": [ "Reconstruction of sections from projections", "Many modalities by physical probe", "Plain radiography and ultrasound imaging without reconstruction are not tomography" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "first clinical CT scan", "typical_range": "1971", "unit": "year", "note": "Hounsfield" }, { "quantity": "mathematical basis", "typical_range": "Radon transform, 1917", "unit": "reference", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "X-ray computed tomography, medical and industrial", "positron emission and single-photon emission tomography", "magnetic resonance imaging as tomography", "electrical impedance and capacitance tomography", "acoustic, seismic and ocean tomography", "optical, fluorescence and photoemission orbital tomography", "muon tomography", "electron tomography" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "imaging technology", "why": "the broad category" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "roentgenology", "why": "in registry terms for X-ray forms" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "computed tomography", "why": "the best-known modality" }, { "relation": "relies on", "target": "Radon transform", "why": "the mathematics" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Radiation protection rules for medical and industrial CT", "Medical device regulation", "DICOM and imaging standards", "Dose reference levels" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Radiation dose in X-ray modalities", "Reconstruction artefacts", "Misinterpretation of images", "Agents interpreting personal scans" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "principle", "name": "Principle", "description": "How tomography works.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "reconstruction", "name": "Reconstruction", "description": "Reconstruction.", "findings": [ { "id": "reconstruction-finding", "name": "Reconstruction", "description": "Reconstruction.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are sections reconstructed from projections, from filtered back-projection to iterative methods?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the technique tomography or another imaging method?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "modalities", "name": "Modalities", "description": "Modalities.", "findings": [ { "id": "modalities-finding", "name": "Modalities", "description": "Modalities.", "questions": [ { "text": "What modalities exist, by physical probe and application?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific modality?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "medical", "name": "Medical", "description": "Medical imaging.", "rationale": "Clinical.", "layers": [ { "id": "uses", "name": "Uses", "description": "Clinical uses.", "findings": [ { "id": "uses-finding", "name": "Uses", "description": "Uses.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are CT, PET, SPECT and MRI used in diagnosis, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the user asking about their own scan, which needs their clinician?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Dose and safety.", "findings": [ { "id": "safety-finding", "name": "Safety", "description": "Safety.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do radiation protection bodies say about dose and justification?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits radiation protection?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "other", "name": "Other", "description": "Industry and science.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "industrial", "name": "Industrial", "description": "Industrial CT.", "findings": [ { "id": "industrial-finding", "name": "Industrial", "description": "Industrial.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is industrial CT used for inspection and metrology?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits non-destructive testing?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "science", "name": "Science", "description": "Scientific tomography.", "findings": [ { "id": "science-finding", "name": "Science", "description": "Science.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do seismic, ocean acoustic, muon and electron tomography work and what have they revealed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and research.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did tomography develop from Radon and early focal-plane methods to CT and beyond?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of medical imaging?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "research", "name": "Research", "description": "Research directions.", "findings": [ { "id": "research-finding", "name": "Research", "description": "Research.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are current research directions, such as photon-counting CT and machine learning reconstruction?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits image reconstruction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each modality be a separate entry?", "How should standards be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming many modalities; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a tomography, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain the principle of tomography and the mathematics of reconstruction, identify the many modalities and their uses, relay safety and standards for medical and industrial imaging, and route clinical questions to professionals.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: photoemission orbital tomography, acoustic tomography, electrical impedance tomography, Fluorescence tomography, industrial computed tomography scanning, muon tomography, magnetic particle imaging, electrical capacitance tomography, electrical capacitance volume tomography, Doppler optical coherence tomography, electrical resistivity tomography, electron tomography.", "17 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 45 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a tomography, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "photoemission orbital tomography", "acoustic tomography", "electrical impedance tomography", "Fluorescence tomography", "industrial computed tomography scanning", "muon tomography", "magnetic particle imaging", "electrical capacitance tomography", "electrical capacitance volume tomography", "Doppler optical coherence tomography", "electrical resistivity tomography", "electron tomography" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 45 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 17 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one tomography from another, and a tomography from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a tomography sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a tomography from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a tomography passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a tomography between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a tomography, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a tomography is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a tomography says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a tomography contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a tomography and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What tomography studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does tomography take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does tomography establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where tomography is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark tomography as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place tomography, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a tomography came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a tomography and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a tomography is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a tomography, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a tomography, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a tomography is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }