{ "model": { "rank": 7612, "code": "thing-q868257", "model_id": "vr.tr.economic-value", "name": "economic value", "purpose": "Let an agent explain economic value concepts, valuation methods and theories with attribution, without giving personal investment advice or formal valuations.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q868257/", "tier": 2, "score": 54, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "corporate shuttle bus service", "Bul", "use value", "real value", "natural value", "present value", "customer lifetime value", "fiscal value", "house value", "assessed value", "fair value", "value added", "currency value range", "net asset value", "value creation", "book value", "capital gain", "time value of money", "market value", "net present value", "net worth", "exchange value", "customs value", "cash value", "scrap value", "nominal value", "Total economic value", "surplus", "melt value", "economic rental value", "money amount", "surplus value", "intrinsic value", "shareholder value", "replacement value", "Ophelimity", "actual cash value", "bequest value", "brand equity", "fair market value" ], "aliasCount": 66, "merged": 68, "knownIn": 54, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q868257", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868257", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T13:19:14Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q868257", "registryId": "vr.tr.economic-value", "name": "economic value", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q868257/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.economic-value", "name": "economic value", "purpose": "Let an agent explain economic value concepts, valuation methods and theories with attribution, without giving personal investment advice or formal valuations.", "definition": "A measure of the benefit that a good, service or asset provides, expressed in money or other terms, including use value, exchange or market value, present value of future cash flows and non-market values such as natural capital; theories of value differ between schools of economics.", "what_it_is_for": "Economics, accounting, policy appraisal and business decisions.", "affordances": [ "distinguish use value, exchange value and market value", "calculate present value in general terms", "explain non-market valuation methods", "summarise theories of value with attribution" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Measures benefit or worth", "Several definitions", "Context-dependent", "Theories differ" ], "appearance": "Not physical; expressed as prices, valuations and appraisal figures.", "visual_identification": [ "Prices and valuations", "Discounted cash flow figures", "Values as moral principles are a different sense" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "use value", "exchange and market value", "present and future value", "real and nominal value", "non-market and natural capital values" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "value", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is measured by", "target": "valuation", "why": "method" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "price", "why": "related concept" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "value (principle)", "why": "another sense" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "International Valuation Standards", "IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement", "Government appraisal guidance" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing price with value", "Ignoring inflation in comparisons", "Agents giving investment advice or formal valuations" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "concepts", "name": "Concepts", "description": "Kinds of value.", "rationale": "Definitions differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "type", "name": "Type", "description": "Which value.", "findings": [ { "id": "type-finding", "name": "Type", "description": "Value type.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is use, exchange, market or fair value meant?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which definition applies in this context?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "real", "name": "Real", "description": "Real and nominal.", "findings": [ { "id": "real-finding", "name": "Real", "description": "Real and nominal.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the value real or nominal, and which price index adjusts it?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "For which base year?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "methods", "name": "Methods", "description": "Valuation.", "rationale": "Methods need assumptions.", "layers": [ { "id": "pv", "name": "Present value", "description": "Discounting.", "findings": [ { "id": "pv-finding", "name": "Present value", "description": "Present value.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the present value of these cash flows at this discount rate?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "How sensitive is it to the rate?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "nonmarket", "name": "Non-market", "description": "Environmental valuation.", "findings": [ { "id": "nonmarket-finding", "name": "Non-market", "description": "Non-market valuation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are non-market values estimated, such as by stated preference or travel cost methods?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What are their limits?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "theory", "name": "Theory", "description": "Schools of thought.", "rationale": "Theories differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "schools", "name": "Schools", "description": "Value theories.", "findings": [ { "id": "schools-finding", "name": "Schools", "description": "Value theories.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do labour theories and subjective theories of value differ, according to economists?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Who proposed them?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "debates", "name": "Debates", "description": "Current debates.", "findings": [ { "id": "debates-finding", "name": "Debates", "description": "Current debates.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are current debates about measuring value beyond GDP?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Are views attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "limits", "name": "Limits", "description": "Agent conduct.", "rationale": "No personal advice.", "layers": [ { "id": "advice", "name": "Advice", "description": "Investment and valuation.", "findings": [ { "id": "advice-finding", "name": "Advice", "description": "Advice limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the user asking what their asset is worth for a transaction or investment decision?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Should a qualified valuer or adviser be consulted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "teaching", "name": "Teaching", "description": "Examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "teaching-finding", "name": "Teaching", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which simple examples illustrate these value concepts?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which textbooks explain them?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should value types be separate entries?", "How should valuation standards be linked?", "How should theories be attributed?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a economic value, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain economic value concepts, valuation methods and theories with attribution, without giving personal investment advice or formal valuations.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: corporate shuttle bus service, Bul, use value, real value, natural value, present value, customer lifetime value, fiscal value, house value, assessed value, fair value, value added.", "68 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 54 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a economic value, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "corporate shuttle bus service", "Bul", "use value", "real value", "natural value", "present value", "customer lifetime value", "fiscal value", "house value", "assessed value", "fair value", "value added" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 54 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 68 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one economic value from another, and a economic value from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a economic value sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a economic value from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a economic value passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a economic value between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a economic value, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a economic value is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a economic value says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a economic value contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a economic value and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What economic value studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does economic value take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does economic value establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where economic value is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark economic value as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place economic value, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a economic value came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a economic value and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a economic value is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a economic value, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a economic value, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a economic value is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }