{ "model": { "rank": 5116, "code": "thing-q878333", "model_id": "vr.tr.tillage", "name": "tillage", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a tillage operation, record its soil disturbance and agricultural purpose, assess its condition and consequences, and identify whether further intervention is justified.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q878333/", "tier": 2, "score": 70, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "ploughing", "rolling", "conservation tillage", "harrowing", "Strip-till", "Mulch-till", "plaggen cultivation", "Scasso", "Deep plowing", "contour plowing", "plowing with horses in the Russia" ], "aliasCount": 11, "merged": 11, "knownIn": 70, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q878333", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878333", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:41:59Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 20.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0881d-f7da-7e73-96f6-05db88584ecc\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: tillage\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 registe", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 58.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0881d-f7ce-7cc1-ac87-d20886d98ff2\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: tillage\nRegistry id: vr.tr.tillage\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q878333", "registryId": "vr.tr.tillage", "name": "tillage", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q878333/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.tillage", "name": "tillage", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a tillage operation, record its soil disturbance and agricultural purpose, assess its condition and consequences, and identify whether further intervention is justified.", "definition": "Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil for crop production, undertaken to alter seedbed conditions, manage weeds and residues, or modify the soil's physical condition.", "scope_statement": "This model owns tillage as an intentional agricultural activity that mechanically works soil, including individual passes and their arrangement into a tillage regime; it distinguishes the activity from its implements, the soil being worked, and the broader cropping system.", "in_scope": [ "The agricultural purpose, location, timing and extent of a tillage operation", "Mechanical actions on soil, including cutting, loosening, inversion, mixing and consolidation within a tillage sequence", "Working depth, disturbed area, pass sequence and treatment of surface residues", "Soil and field conditions affecting whether an operation can achieve its purpose", "Observed outcomes, adverse effects and decisions about subsequent tillage" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Design, manufacture and maintenance of tractors and tillage implements", "Soil classification and soil development independent of a tillage intervention", "Whole-farm crop rotations and agricultural business management", "Chemical weed control and fertiliser formulation", "Earthmoving for construction, mining or landscape grading" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An instance intentionally works soil mechanically for an agricultural purpose; spraying, mowing and residue removal without soil working do not qualify.", "The model describes an activity or sequence of activities; a plough, cultivator or harrow is a participating implement rather than an instance of tillage.", "Soil disturbance during planting must be identified separately from any distinct tillage pass; the presence of a seed opener alone does not establish a separate tillage operation.", "No-till is a management designation concerning the absence or restriction of tillage, not a soil-working operation itself; any permitted local disturbance needs the designation's stated definition.", "A tillage-regime label does not establish actual disturbance: recognition requires evidence of the soil-working action, its depth and its spatial extent." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Agricultural objective", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Seedbed preparation; weed control; residue incorporation; amendment incorporation; compaction alleviation; other stated objective; multiple objectives", "why_it_matters": "Success and acceptable side effects depend on what the operation is intended to accomplish." }, { "name": "Soil-working action", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Cutting; loosening; inversion; mixing; pulverisation; consolidation; combinations", "why_it_matters": "Actions distinguish operations whose implement names or regime labels may otherwise conceal different effects." }, { "name": "Working depth", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "cm below the pre-operation soil surface, with target, observed range and measurement method distinguished", "why_it_matters": "Depth identifies the soil zone affected and whether the intended target was reached." }, { "name": "Disturbed surface fraction", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% of the defined treatment area, with strip or patch geometry recorded", "why_it_matters": "Localised and full-width working can have similar depths but substantially different spatial footprints." }, { "name": "Residue cover change", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% surface cover before and after the operation, with sampling method", "why_it_matters": "Records the actual residue outcome instead of inferring it from the operation's name." }, { "name": "Soil workability", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Unassessed; suitable; marginal; unsuitable for the specified operation, supported by moisture and soil-condition observations", "why_it_matters": "An operation's suitability depends on current conditions and the intended result." }, { "name": "Position in the field-operation sequence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to preceding and following tillage passes, planting, harvest and relevant field treatments", "why_it_matters": "Repeated passes and their timing can alter both the result and the need for further disturbance." }, { "name": "Operation status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Proposed; scheduled; underway; completed; interrupted; deferred; cancelled", "why_it_matters": "Separates intentions from executed disturbance and supports appropriate next actions." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify a soil-working event and distinguish it from planting, traffic or non-agricultural earthmoving", "Compare proposed tillage options against an explicit field objective and observed soil conditions", "Map treated strips, depths, missed areas and overlapping passes", "Assess whether the observed seedbed, residue or compaction outcome meets the stated objective", "Flag evidence supporting deferral, adjustment or avoidance of an additional pass", "Compare tillage regimes using declared definitions and measured disturbance" ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "tillage-purpose-and-boundaries", "name": "Tillage purpose and boundaries", "description": "Establishes what agricultural problem the soil working addresses and which activity or regime is being described.", "rationale": "Tillage cannot be judged from an implement name or management label without identifying its purpose and operational boundary.", "layers": [ { "id": "agricultural-purpose", "name": "Agricultural purpose", "description": "Connects the proposed disturbance to a specific field need.", "findings": [ { "id": "target-condition-and-success", "name": "Target condition and success", "description": "Record the condition motivating tillage and the observable result sought, separating multiple objectives when they conflict.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observed field condition motivates tillage: an unsuitable seedbed, weeds, residue placement, a restrictive soil layer or another problem?", "kind": "definition", "id": "target-condition-and-success-q01" }, { "text": "What field observation would establish that the objective has been achieved without another pass?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "target-condition-and-success-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-regime-boundary", "name": "Operation and regime boundary", "description": "Separates a soil-working pass from the longer management regime and adjacent agricultural activities.", "findings": [ { "id": "declared-tillage-instance", "name": "Declared tillage instance", "description": "Identify whether the subject is a single pass, a combined operation or a regime over a stated period, and preserve the definitions behind any classification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this record cover one pass, a combined planting-and-tillage operation or a sequence across a crop season?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "declared-tillage-instance-q01" }, { "text": "Whose definition supports labels such as conventional, reduced, conservation, strip or no-till, and what disturbance does that definition permit?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "declared-tillage-instance-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "soil-disturbance-pattern", "name": "Soil disturbance pattern", "description": "Describes how soil and residues are physically worked across depth and area.", "rationale": "The physical disturbance provides a more interpretable description than equipment or regime labels alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "soil-action-and-depth", "name": "Soil action and depth", "description": "Identifies the mechanical action and the soil zone it actually affects.", "findings": [ { "id": "observed-working-profile", "name": "Observed working profile", "description": "Distinguish intended settings from observed depth, inversion, mixing, loosening and clod alteration.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which soil-working actions occurred, and what observations distinguish them from the implement's nominal function?", "kind": "definition", "id": "observed-working-profile-q01" }, { "text": "What working depth and variation were observed across the pass, and how do they relate to the target soil layer?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "observed-working-profile-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "surface-pattern-and-residues", "name": "Surface pattern and residues", "description": "Records where disturbance occurs and how it changes surface protection and residue placement.", "findings": [ { "id": "disturbance-and-residue-footprint", "name": "Disturbance and residue footprint", "description": "Capture full-width, strip or patch disturbance, untreated areas, overlap and observed residue redistribution.", "questions": [ { "text": "What fraction of the treatment area was disturbed, and what strip widths, spacing, overlaps or missed areas define that footprint?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "disturbance-and-residue-footprint-q01" }, { "text": "How did measured surface residue cover and residue placement change between comparable observations before and after tillage?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "disturbance-and-residue-footprint-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "workability-and-pass-decisions", "name": "Workability and pass decisions", "description": "Connects soil condition, field exposure and operation sequence to decisions about carrying out tillage.", "rationale": "The same soil-working action may be suitable or counterproductive under different field conditions and timings.", "layers": [ { "id": "soil-readiness", "name": "Soil readiness", "description": "Examines whether the target soil zone can be worked into the desired condition.", "findings": [ { "id": "operation-specific-workability", "name": "Operation-specific workability", "description": "Assess moisture, soil consistency, existing structure and restrictive layers using evidence appropriate to the proposed operation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What moisture and soil-consistency observations are available at working depth, and where within the field were they taken?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "operation-specific-workability-q01" }, { "text": "What observed conditions would require deferring or changing this operation to avoid smearing, excessive clodding or unwanted pulverisation?", "kind": "action", "id": "operation-specific-workability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "timing-and-repeat-passes", "name": "Timing and repeat passes", "description": "Places tillage within the crop-operation sequence and the period of soil exposure it creates.", "findings": [ { "id": "necessity-of-the-next-pass", "name": "Necessity of the next pass", "description": "Record why another pass is needed, its relationship to planting and prior passes, and the conditions under which it can be omitted.", "questions": [ { "text": "What unmet objective remains after previous passes, and could the next scheduled operation meet it without a separate tillage pass?", "kind": "action", "id": "necessity-of-the-next-pass-q01" }, { "text": "How do expected weather, slope, remaining cover and the interval before crop establishment affect the proposed timing?", "kind": "action", "id": "necessity-of-the-next-pass-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "tillage-outcomes-and-evidence", "name": "Tillage outcomes and evidence", "description": "Evaluates achieved field conditions, unintended effects and the strength of evidence linking changes to tillage.", "rationale": "Completion of a pass does not establish agricultural benefit, and later field changes may have several causes.", "layers": [ { "id": "immediate-field-result", "name": "Immediate field result", "description": "Checks the intended result at a time and scale appropriate to the operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "objective-matched-verification", "name": "Objective-matched verification", "description": "Use observations matched to the purpose, such as seedbed condition, weed response, incorporation or alteration of a restrictive layer.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observations demonstrate the intended result, and were they taken soon enough or late enough to detect that result?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "objective-matched-verification-q01" }, { "text": "Where did the operation fail to achieve its objective, and does the evidence justify local correction, another method or no further disturbance?", "kind": "action", "id": "objective-matched-verification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "unintended-and-persistent-effects", "name": "Unintended and persistent effects", "description": "Tracks adverse effects and longer-term changes while distinguishing observation from causal attribution.", "findings": [ { "id": "effects-and-attribution-limits", "name": "Effects and attribution limits", "description": "Record evidence of erosion, crusting, compaction, moisture changes or persistent structural changes, together with relevant alternative explanations.", "questions": [ { "text": "What post-operation observations indicate unwanted soil movement, surface sealing, compaction or moisture change, and how do they compare with a baseline?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "effects-and-attribution-limits-q01" }, { "text": "What comparison or monitoring history separates the contribution of tillage from machinery traffic, weather, crop cover and other management?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "effects-and-attribution-limits-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the agricultural activity, not land designated as tillage land.", "The listed kinds overlap: primary and secondary describe operational roles, while inversion, reduced, and strip tillage describe different aspects of disturbance.", "Depth ranges are illustrative; verify local practice definitions and the current NRCS standard before using them for classification or compliance." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of tillage this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Primary tillage", "Secondary tillage", "Inversion tillage", "Non-inversion tillage", "Reduced tillage", "Strip tillage" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of tillage this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Conservation Practice Standard 345, Residue and Tillage Management, Reduced Till, addresses reduced-tillage management in the United States." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of tillage this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Preparing a seedbed for sowing and crop establishment.", "Controlling weeds mechanically before planting or between crop rows.", "Incorporating crop residues, manure, fertilizers, or soil amendments.", "Loosening compacted soil where a diagnosed restrictive layer warrants intervention.", "Forming beds, ridges, or furrows for crop production and water management." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of tillage this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Working depth for shallow seedbed cultivation", "typical_range": "Approximately 5-15; varies with implement, crop, and soil conditions", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "Working depth for conventional primary tillage", "typical_range": "Approximately 15-30; deep loosening can extend below this range", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "Soil surface covered by crop residue after an operation", "typical_range": "0-100; a measurement scale rather than a recommended operating range", "unit": "%" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of tillage this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Leaving soil exposed can increase wind and water erosion.", "Repeated intensive disturbance can degrade aggregates and accelerate soil organic matter loss.", "Working wet soil can cause smearing and compaction; repeated operations at similar depths can contribute to a tillage pan.", "Excessive pulverization can promote surface crusting, while disturbance can increase evaporative water loss.", "Powered implements present entanglement, crushing, and struck-object hazards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of tillage this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Dryland systems often prioritize moisture conservation and residue retention, which can favor reduced disturbance.", "Puddling is used in many flooded rice systems to prepare soil and reduce water percolation, unlike typical upland seedbed preparation.", "Definitions and eligibility criteria for conservation or reduced tillage vary among jurisdictions and agricultural programs." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of tillage this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "No-till", "difference": "No-till establishes crops without general seedbed tillage, usually allowing localized soil disturbance for seed and fertilizer placement." }, { "name": "Ploughing", "difference": "Ploughing is a particular tillage operation; tillage also includes operations such as harrowing, cultivation, and ripping." }, { "name": "Cultivation", "difference": "Cultivation can mean crop growing broadly or a specific soil-working operation; only the latter meaning substantially overlaps with tillage." }, { "name": "Conservation agriculture", "difference": "Conservation agriculture combines minimal soil disturbance, soil cover, and crop diversification; tillage describes soil-working operations rather than the whole production system." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of tillage this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative definitions should govern tillage-regime labels across regions, particularly conservation tillage, strip-till and disturbance permitted within no-till?", "Where should this registry place rolling, puddling, planting-associated soil disturbance and mechanical weeding at the boundary of tillage?", "Which field methods and locally validated criteria adequately assess workability and successful loosening for different soils and implements?", "What monitoring duration and comparison design are needed to attribute persistent changes in soil structure, erosion or soil carbon to a tillage regime?", "Does an existing Vercy world model already own this agricultural activity, requiring this registry entry to link to that model?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 24 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a tillage, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a tillage operation, record its soil disturbance and agricultural purpose, assess its condition and consequences, and identify whether further intervention is justified.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: ploughing, rolling, conservation tillage, harrowing, Strip-till, Mulch-till, plaggen cultivation, Scasso, Deep plowing, contour plowing, plowing with horses in the Russia.", "11 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 70 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a tillage, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "ploughing", "rolling", "conservation tillage", "harrowing", "Strip-till", "Mulch-till", "plaggen cultivation", "Scasso", "Deep plowing", "contour plowing", "plowing with horses in the Russia" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 70 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 11 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one tillage from another, and a tillage from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a tillage sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a tillage from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a tillage passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a tillage between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a tillage, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a tillage is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a tillage proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a tillage, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a tillage and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a tillage consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a tillage takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What tillage is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of tillage are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is tillage operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of tillage and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of tillage?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as tillage?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a tillage came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a tillage and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a tillage is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a tillage, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a tillage, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a tillage is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }