{ "model": { "rank": 2589, "code": "thing-q8805", "model_id": "vr.tr.bit", "name": "bit", "purpose": "Let an agent handle bits as information units by meaning, grouping, prefixes and use in codes.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QTY", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q8805/", "tier": 2, "score": 101, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "sign bit", "word mark", "parity bit", "Moderate Density Parity-Check" ], "aliasCount": 4, "merged": 4, "knownIn": 101, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.bit-2", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q8805", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8805", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T07:58:54Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q8805", "registryId": "vr.tr.bit", "name": "bit", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QTY" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q8805/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.bit", "name": "bit", "purpose": "Let an agent handle bits as information units by meaning, grouping, prefixes and use in codes.", "definition": "The basic unit of information in computing and digital communications, having one of two values, 0 or 1; bits are grouped into bytes and words, and special bits include sign and parity bits.", "what_it_is_for": "Representing and transmitting digital information.", "affordances": [ "count and convert bits and bytes", "use binary and decimal prefixes correctly", "detect errors with parity bits", "measure information in bits" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Binary unit", "Unit of information and storage", "Bits per second measures data rate", "Different from byte" ], "appearance": "Not visible; stored as physical states such as voltages or magnetisation.", "visual_identification": [ "Values 0 and 1", "Symbols b (bit) versus B (byte)", "Prefixes such as kbit, Mbit, Kibit" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "byte", "typical_range": "8", "unit": "bits", "note": "conventional octet" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "data bits", "parity and check bits", "sign bits", "qubits (quantum analogue)" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "unit of information", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is grouped into", "target": "byte", "why": "unit" }, { "relation": "is represented by", "target": "binary digit", "why": "digit" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "information theory", "why": "field" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "IEC 80000-13 symbol", "value_or_pattern": "bit", "note": "unit" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "IEC 80000-13 (binary prefixes)", "ISO/IEC 2382 vocabulary" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing bits and bytes in speeds", "Mixing decimal and binary prefixes" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "unit", "name": "Unit", "description": "What a bit is.", "rationale": "Units need care.", "layers": [ { "id": "value", "name": "Value", "description": "0 or 1.", "findings": [ { "id": "value-finding", "name": "Value", "description": "Bit value.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does the bit represent here?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "In which encoding?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grouping", "name": "Grouping", "description": "Bytes and words.", "findings": [ { "id": "grouping-finding", "name": "Grouping", "description": "Grouping.", "questions": [ { "text": "How many bits are in the unit used?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Is it a byte or word?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement", "name": "Measurement", "description": "Sizes and rates.", "rationale": "Prefixes confuse.", "layers": [ { "id": "prefixes", "name": "Prefixes", "description": "Decimal and binary.", "findings": [ { "id": "prefixes-finding", "name": "Prefixes", "description": "Prefixes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the prefix decimal (kilo) or binary (kibi)?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What is the exact value?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rate", "name": "Rate", "description": "Bits per second.", "findings": [ { "id": "rate-finding", "name": "Rate", "description": "Data rate.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the speed in bits or bytes per second?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How does it convert?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "codes", "name": "Codes", "description": "Error detection.", "rationale": "Extra bits protect data.", "layers": [ { "id": "parity", "name": "Parity", "description": "Check bits.", "findings": [ { "id": "parity-finding", "name": "Parity", "description": "Parity bits.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does a parity bit detect errors?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What errors can it miss?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ecc", "name": "Error correction", "description": "Codes.", "findings": [ { "id": "ecc-finding", "name": "ECC", "description": "Error-correcting codes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which error-correcting code is used?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How many errors can it correct?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "theory", "name": "Theory", "description": "Information.", "rationale": "Bits measure information.", "layers": [ { "id": "entropy", "name": "Entropy", "description": "Information content.", "findings": [ { "id": "entropy-finding", "name": "Entropy", "description": "Information content.", "questions": [ { "text": "How many bits of information does this message carry?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Under which model?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "quantum", "name": "Quantum", "description": "Qubits.", "findings": [ { "id": "quantum-finding", "name": "Quantum", "description": "Qubits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is a qubit meant instead?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How does it differ?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should qubits be a separate entry?", "How should prefixes be linked?", "How should parity codes be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "unit, quantity or measure", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a bit, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle bits as information units by meaning, grouping, prefixes and use in codes.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: sign bit, word mark, parity bit, Moderate Density Parity-Check.", "4 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 101 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a bit, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see: a unit is a convention. What is seen is an instrument reading in it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "sign bit", "word mark", "parity bit", "Moderate Density Parity-Check" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 101 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 4 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one bit from another, and a bit from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a bit, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a bit, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a bit is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a bit, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a bit, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a bit is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a bit sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a bit, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a bit, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a bit is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a bit from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a bit, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a bit, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a bit is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a bit passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a bit between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a bit, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a bit, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a bit is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a bit, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a bit is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a bit, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a bit, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a bit is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definition-and-realisation", "name": "Definition, dimension and realisation", "description": "What bit is defined as and how it is realised in practice.", "rationale": "A unit is not the quantity it measures, and its definition has a history that older data still depends on.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition and dimension", "description": "The defining relation and the quantity it measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-record", "name": "Definition, body and date", "description": "What defines it now, and what defined it before.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-record-q01", "text": "How is bit defined, by which body, and since when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-record-q02", "text": "What was the previous definition, and what data still depends on it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion", "name": "Conversion and compatibility", "description": "Relations to other units, exact or approximate.", "findings": [ { "id": "conversion-record", "name": "Conversions and their exactness", "description": "Factors, and whether each is exact by definition.", "questions": [ { "id": "conversion-record-q01", "text": "What conversions relate bit to other units, and which are exact by definition?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "conversion-record-q02", "text": "Where does rounding a conversion change a decision, and how should that be recorded?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a bit came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a bit and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a bit, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a bit, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a bit is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a bit is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a bit, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a bit, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a bit is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 10, "questions": 28 } } } }