post-translational protein modification
Let an agent explain post-translational modifications and their main kinds, describe their roles in regulation and disease, relay databases and methods of detection, and route detailed biochemical or clinical questions to the right resources.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent explain post-translational modifications and their main kinds, describe their roles in regulation and disease, relay databases and methods of detection, and route detailed biochemical or clinical questions to the right resources.
The chemical modification of a protein after it has been synthesised by the ribosome, by adding groups such as phosphate, acetyl, methyl, lipid, sugar or ubiquitin, by cleaving the chain or by forming bonds between residues; these modifications control protein activity, location, stability and interactions and are central to signalling, regulation and disease.
What it is for: Regulating proteins after synthesis.
It can be explain the main kinds and their effects; describe roles in signalling and disease; relay databases and detection methods; route detailed questions.
Distinguishing features
Occurs after translation
Enzyme-mediated in most cases
Reversible in many cases
Regulates function and fate
What it looks like
Not visible; chemical changes to protein molecules detected by mass spectrometry and antibodies.
Physical character
known modification types: hundreds types - catalogued in databases
How it is recognised
Covalent change to a protein after translation
Kinds by added group or cleavage
Co-translational and genetic changes are different processes
Related models
is a kind of - the category
regulates - the target
is detected by - the main method
is catalysed by - kinases, transferases and ligases
In practice
Families and kinds
phosphorylation
acetylation and methylation
glycosylation
lipidation such as palmitoylation
ubiquitination and related modifications
proteolytic cleavage and terminal modifications
non-enzymatic modifications such as carbamylation
Identifiers
Gene Ontology GO:0043687 post-translational protein modification
PSI-MOD per modification ontology of protein modifications
Standards and regulation
Gene Ontology and PSI-MOD definitions
Proteomics data standards from the HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative
Failure modes and hazards
Misassignment of modification sites
Confusing modifications with sequence variants
Agents giving clinical advice
Also called
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Concept What the modifications are.
Definition.
Definition
Definition and kinds.
Definition
Definition.
- What are post-translational modifications, and what main kinds exist? definition
- Is the question about a modification or about a sequence variant or co-translational event? boundary
Enzymes
Writers, readers and erasers.
Enzymes
Enzymes.
- Which enzymes add, recognise and remove modifications? definition
- Which entry fits a specific modification? action
Function Roles.
Biology.
Regulation
Regulation and signalling.
Regulation
Regulation.
- How do modifications control activity, localisation, stability and interactions? provenance
- Which entry fits cell signalling? action
Disease
Disease relevance.
Disease
Disease.
- How are modifications involved in disease and drug targets, in general terms? provenance
- Is the user asking about their own condition, which needs a clinician? boundary
Detect Methods and data.
Method.
Methods
Detection.
Methods
Methods.
- How are modifications detected and quantified? measurement
- Which entry fits proteomics? action
Databases
Databases.
Databases
Databases.
- Which databases catalogue modifications and sites? provenance
- Which references are standard? provenance
Learn Teaching.
Study.
Teach
Teaching.
Teach
Teaching.
- How are post-translational modifications taught, and which misconceptions arise? provenance
- Which entry fits protein biochemistry? action
History
History.
History
History.
- How were key modifications discovered, and how did the field develop? provenance
- Which entry fits the history of biochemistry? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should each major modification be a separate entry?
- How should modification databases be linked?
- The registry entry has merged aliases naming specific modifications; should they be split off?